雅思作文类型总结（雅思英语小作文的4大核心要素）
雅思作文类型总结（雅思英语小作文的4大核心要素）Between 1980 and 2000 waste production in the US rose from 131 to 192 million tonnes and rising trends were also seen in Japan Poland and Portugal. Japan’s waste output increased from 28 to 53 million tonnes while Poland and Portugal saw waste totals increase from 4 to 6.6 and from 2 to 5 million tonnes respectively.The chart compares the amounts of waste that were produced in six countries in
雅思英语小作文的备考，无论图表如何变换，均可以从如下4个方面展开：
- 数据（Data）：包含时间、数字、百分比等。
- 比较（Comparison & contrast）：对不同对象或不同数据进行不同点或相似点比较分析。
- 趋势（Trend）：描述一定时期内的趋势。
- 结构（Structure）：如何用合理的篇章结构对文章内容进行组织。
可以说，任何一篇理想的雅思英语小作文，都绕不开这4个方面。
我们以如下满分考官例文为例，说明雅思英语小作文时如何围绕数据、比较、趋势和结构展开的。
The table below shows the amount of waste production (in millions of tonnes) in six different countries over a twenty-year period.
The chart compares the amounts of waste that were produced in six countries in the years 1980 1990 and 2000.
In each of these years the US produced more waste than Ireland Japan Korea Poland and Portugal combined. It is also noticeable that Korea was the only country that managed to reduce its waste output by the year 2000.
Between 1980 and 2000 waste production in the US rose from 131 to 192 million tonnes and rising trends were also seen in Japan Poland and Portugal. Japan’s waste output increased from 28 to 53 million tonnes while Poland and Portugal saw waste totals increase from 4 to 6.6 and from 2 to 5 million tonnes respectively.
The trends for Ireland and Korea were noticeably different from those described above. In Ireland waste production increased more than eightfold from only 0.6 million tonnes in 1980 to 5 million tonnes in 2000. Korea by contrast cut its waste output by 12 million tonnes between 1990 and 2000.
数据Data在范文中，数据的类型主要有：（1）年份；（2）描述吨数的数字。与这2类数据有关的短语主要有：
- in the years 1980 1990 and 2000
- In each of these years
- by the year 2000
- Between 1980 and 2000
- from 131 to 192 million tonnes
- from 28 to 53 million tonnes
- from 4 to 6.6 and from 2 to 5 million tonnes respectively
- from only 0.6 million tonnes in 1980 to 5 million tonnes in 2000
- cut its waste output by 12 million tonnes between 1990 and 2000
比较是每一篇雅思英语小作文的标配。没有比较的作文，一定无法获得理想的分数。比较可以是不同对象之间的比较，也可以是同一对象不同时期数据的比较。比较还包含不同点和相同点的比较。上述范文包含的比较主要有：
- The chart compares the amounts of waste
- the US produced more waste than Ireland.....
- waste production in the US...... and rising trends were also seen in Japan...（相似点比较）
- Japan’s ...... while Poland and Portugal ......
- The trends for Ireland and Korea were noticeably different from....
- In Ireland ....... Korea by contrast cut its waste output....
可以看出，上述范文中用了6种比较工具。不同的比较工具，意味着不同的句型。
趋势Trend只要在图表中存在随着时间变化而变化的数据，就一定存在趋势。而对趋势的描述，主要说明数据是增加、减少、波动还是不变，以及何时达到极值等。范文中描述趋势的句子主要有：
- reduce its waste output by the year 2000
- rose from 131 to 192 million tonnes
- rising trends were also seen in Japan
- increased from 28 to 53 million tonnes
- saw waste totals increase from 4 to 6.6 and from 2 to 5 million tonnes respectively
- The trends for Ireland and Korea
- increased more than eightfold from only 0.6 million tonnes in 1980 to 5 million tonnes in 2000
- cut its waste output by 12 million tonnes between 1990 and 2000
采取不同的方式描述趋势，是增加词汇量，丰富句型的关键。
结构Structure上述范围主要通过从抽象到具体的方式，将数据、比较和趋势逻辑地组合在一起。具体结构如下：
- 第一段 - Introduction：改写题干
- 第二段 - Overview：总括段，对图标的总体特征进行概述
- 第三段和第四段 - Details：将所有数据分为2类（第一类：US、Japan Poland、Portugal； 第二类： Ireland and Korea），然后用2段话分别对对应的细节进行描述。
合理的结构分布，意味着句子与句子之间，段落与段落之间的合理逻辑。这也就是雅思英语小作文评分标准中所说的Coherence and Cohesion
上述分析告诉我们，在备考雅思英语小作文时，不要一味的背诵范围，而应该从数据、比较、趋势和结构等4个方面对范文进行分析，从而吃透范文。
在后面的文章中，张老师将从数据、比较、趋势和结构等4个方面，为大家详细提供更多小作文写作技巧和方法。
