by后面跟名词的复数，by名词短语你还会混淆吗

by后面跟名词的复数，by名词短语你还会混淆吗by hand手工by air乘坐飞机learn by rote死记硬背teach by example以身作则by invitation凭请柬

1) by 表示“凭，靠”：

• by skill凭技术

• pay by cash凭现金支付

• by appointment凭预约

• learn by rote死记硬背

• teach by example以身作则

• by invitation凭请柬

• by air乘坐飞机

• by hand手工

• by intuition凭直觉

• by analysis凭分析

• by all means用尽一切办法

• by no means决不，根本不

• by means of用，依靠

• by way of通过…的方法

• by contrast对比之下

• by force靠武力；凭藉暴力；

• by road乘坐汽车，由公路

• by one’s estimate根据某人的估计

2) by表示“ 就……而言，按”：

• by birth按出身

• by profession按职业来说

• by trade按职业来说

• by nature生来

• by blood按血统

• by origin就来源而言

• by night/day 夜间/白天

3) by表示“因……所致，由于”：

• by chance偶然，碰巧

• by accident偶然，碰巧

• by mistake由于错误

• by luck由于运气好

• by design由于谋划

• by good fortune由于运气好

• by reason of由于

• by virtue of由于，借助

• by necessity必然地，不可避免地