高一必修2外研版unit5课堂笔记(高二下人教版选修8Unit5同步解析二)
高一必修2外研版unit5课堂笔记(高二下人教版选修8Unit5同步解析二)例如可作及物动词,亦可作不及物动词,意为“打断……讲话,打岔,暂时中断或中止”。可用于interrupt sb./sth.打扰某人/某事;interrupt with sth.打断某事。难句解读对不起,打断了你的讲话,但请问他们怎么能够住在这个地方呢?interrupt
疑难追踪
1
I’m sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here?
P38
难句解读
对不起,打断了你的讲话,但请问他们怎么能够住在这个地方呢?
interrupt
可作及物动词,亦可作不及物动词,意为“打断……讲话,打岔,暂时中断或中止”。可用于interrupt sb./sth.打扰某人/某事;interrupt with sth.打断某事。
例如
I hope I’m not interrupting you.
我希望我没有打搅你。
Hecklers interrupted her speech with jeering.
诘问者的嘲笑打断了她的讲话。
难点深究
disturb interrupt的区别:
disturb强调“打扰,妨碍”;interrupt 强调“打断,使……中断”
例如:
Don’t disturb her because she is very busy.
她很忙,不要去打搅她。
When we were talking he often interrupted the conversation.
当我们谈话时,他常常打断谈话。
2
So we think it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves regardless of the cold.
P38
难句解读
因此,我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒,就住在这些洞穴里
(1)本句中“it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves regardless of the cold”是谓语动词think的宾语从句,
从句中it是形式主语,真正的主语是不定式to assume they lived…the cold。句型“sb. think/suppose/consider/believe/feel it (is) adj./n. to do sth.”表示“某人认为做某事……”。
例如:
He might think it (is) polite to return the visit.
他或许认为回访是礼貌的。
He considered it (is) our duty to look after the old man.
他认为照料这位老人是我们的职责。
I feel it (is) impossible to finish the work in a single day.
我认为在一天之内完成这项工作是不可能的。
(2)assume为动词,意为“假定,假想,以为,假装,装作,担任,承担”。
例如:
We assume him to be innocent before hearing the evidence against him.
在未听到对他不利的证词之前,我们假定他是无罪的。
The winner of the election assumed the office of senator.
选举获胜者担任了参议员的职位。
(3)regardless of 意为“不管,不顾,不考虑”, 是介词短语,后接名词、代词或名词性从句。
例如:
I’ll take the job regardless of the pay.
不管报酬多少,我都要这份工作。
He says what he thinks regardless of other people’s feelings.
他怎么想就怎么说,不考虑别人的感受。
He climbed the tower regardless of the fact that it’s dangerous.
他不顾危险爬上了高楼。
We will do it regardless of what might happen. 不管情况怎样,我们决意这样做。
难点深究
(1) assuming放在句首,表示一种猜测;形容词assumed 意为“假定的;假设的”;名词assumption意为“假想;设想”,常用短语:make an assumption 意为“做假设”。
例如:
Assuming that the story is true what should we do?
假定这个故事是真的,我们应该怎么办?
This is an assumed result.
这是一个假定的结果。
(2) 含有of的介词短语有:
in spite of=despite 尽管;because of=on account of 由于;by means of 用某种方式,借助于某事物;in front of…在……前面;instead of代替,而不是;in honour of 为纪念;in danger of 处于……危险中
3
That would have kept them warm cooked the food and scared wild beasts away as well.
P38
难句解读
他们可能用地炉里的火来保暖、做饭,还可以用火来吓跑野兽。
这个句子中有三个并列谓语,即kept them warm cooked the food和scared wild beasts away as well.“情态动词 have done”这一句型可表示对过去发生的事情的推测,
这些情态动词主要有must,may might,can’t couldn’t等。must have done 表示对过去的动作的非常肯定的推断,“一定……”,如果用may,might等则语气不那么肯定;表示“不可能……”,则用can’t,couldn’t,千万不能用mustn’t mustn’t 表示“禁止”。
例如
It must have rained last night.
昨晚上肯定下雨了。
He might/may have heard of the matter. 他可能已经听说过这件事了。
Mary can’t have stolen your money. She has gone home.
玛丽不可能偷你的钱,她回家去了。
The door was locked. He could not have been at home.
门锁着,他不可能在家。
难点深究
(1) “情态动词 have done”除了表示推测之外,也可表示虚拟,这些情态动词主要有:would,could,may/might should,ought to need,对应的意思分别是“过去本会/本能够/本可以/本应该/理应/本需要做,但实际上没有做”,注意其否定形式在情态动词后,have之前加not。
例如:
I would have told you all about the boy’s story but you didn’t ask me.
我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事,但是你没有问我。
He could have passed the exam but he was too careless.
本来他能够通过考试,但是他太粗心。
He might have given you more help even though he was very busy.
他本可以给你更多帮助,即使他非常忙。
How I regret the time I should have studied but I wasted in woods.
我多么后悔那些我本应该学习却浪费在树林里的时间。
You ought to(should)have been more careful in this experiment.
你当时在做试验时应该更仔细点。
He ought not to(shouldn’t)have thrown the old clothes away.
他不该把旧衣服扔了。(事实上已经扔了。)
I dressed very warmly for the trip but I needn’t have done so.The weather was hot.
这次旅行,我穿得衣服较多,其实没有必要。那时天很热。
(2) 与keep相关的短语:
keep (sb./sth.) away (from sb./sth.) 使(某人/某物)离开(某人/某物);
keep sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事;
keep sb. out of sth.使某人避免某事;keep in touch with 与……保持联系;
keep on doing sth.继续做某事;
keep off远离,避开;
keep sb. up使某人熬夜。
(3) as well too also的区别:这三个副词均可表示“也,还”,区别在于:as well多放在句末;too多数情况下放在句末,偶尔也可放在句子中间;also多放在主要动词前面或系动词be的后面,有时也可放在其他位置。
例如:
My sister likes swimming and I do as well.
我妹妹喜欢游泳,我也喜欢游泳。
He realized that she was exhausted too. 他意识到她也筋疲力尽了。
She was also a teacher.
她也是一位教师。
注意:
as well as是连词,主要用来连接两个并列的成分,意为“和,还,也,除……之外,还……”。如果连接两个并列的主语时,谓语动词应当与前面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
His name is known all over the world as well as in Japan. 他不仅闻名日本,而且闻名世界。
My son as well as I enjoys music. 我的儿子和我一样喜欢音乐。
4
It seems that they used the sharpened stone tools to cut up animals and remove their skin.
P38
难句解读
看样子他们是用磨尖的石器来切割野兽并剥皮的。
在形容词sharp后加上后缀en成为动词,sharpen可作及物动词亦可作不及物动词,意为“使尖锐,使急剧;变尖锐;变急剧”。
例如:
His speech sharpened the differences between the two men.
他的讲话使两人之间的分歧更严重。
The training will sharpen your thinking.
培训会使你思维敏捷。
The knife needs sharpening.
这把刀需要磨一下了。
The walk has sharpened my appetite.
散步增进了我的食欲。
cut up意为“切碎,剪碎;摧毁,粉碎;使伤心,使悲痛”。
例如:
He has to have his food cut up for him.
他需要有人替他把食物切碎。
Our army cut up the enemy’s forces.
我们的军队摧毁了敌人的武装部队。
He was badly cut up by the news of his son’s death.
得到儿子的死讯,他极为悲伤。
难点深究
(1) en为动词后缀。附在名词、形容词后构成动词,表示“变为”、“使有”、“变得”、“变得有”
例如:
darken deepen broaden harden weaken ripen soften hearten strengthen。附在物质名词之后构成形容词,表示“由……制作的”,如:wooden woolen golden。
(2) 与cut相关的动词短语还有:
cut across 走捷径,抄近路;
cut down 砍倒,削减,降低;
cut out 剪下,剪裁,删除,戒掉,停止;cut in (into) 插嘴,干涉,插入;
cut short 突然停止,停止,缩短;
cut off 切断,断绝,隔离,使孤立;
cut through 穿过,穿透,克服;
cut back 急忙返回,削减
5
Yes indeed as the botanical analyses have shown us all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake.
P39
难句解读
很对,植物学的分析结果告诉我们,这儿四周曾经是一个很大的浅水湖的一部分。
句中由as引导非限制性定语从句,指代整个主句all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake。analysis为名词,意为“分析”,复数形式为analyses,短语in the final/last analysis 表示“归根结底,总之”;analyse为及物动词,意为“分析”。
例如:
You must make a detailed analysis of the report.
你必须对这个报告进行详细分析。
The coach tried to analyse the cause of our defeat.
教练试图分析我们失败的原因。
难点深究
as引导定语从句时的用法:
(1) as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same… as such…as结构中。
例如:
I want the same shirt as my friend’s.
我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.
我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
(2) as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型:as is known to all as is said as is reported as is announced as we all know as I expect 等。
例如:
As I expected he got the first place again in this midterm examination.
正如我所预料的那样,他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。
(3) as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别
①当主句和从句语义一致时,用as;反之,用which来引导非限制性定语从句。
例如:
He made a long speech as we expected.正如我们所期望的,他的发言很长。
He made a long speech which was unexpected.
他的发言很长,这出乎我们的预料。
②当非限制性定语从句为否定时,常用which引导。
例如:
Tom drinks a lot every day which his wife doesn’t like at all.
汤姆每天喝很多酒,这一点他的妻子一点儿也不喜欢。
6
His university was aware of the significance of his work.
P40
难句解读
他的大学意识到了他的工作的重要性。
significance为名词,意为“意义,重要性,重要意义”, significant 为形容词,表示“有意义的,意味深长的;重要的,重大的”,副词significantly意为“有重大意义地;明显地;显著地;意味深长地”。常见用法及搭配有:of great significance=very significant 有重大意义,attach significance to sth.重视……。
例如:
What is the significance of the speech you made?
你这次演讲有什么意义?
The new discovery of oil is of great significance to this area’s economy.
这次新发现的石油对这个地区的经济有着重大的意义。
He didn’t appear to attach any significance to our question.
他看起来一点也不重视我们的问题。
7
Somehow he cycled thirty miles to Dr Black because there was no alternative means of transport.
P40
难句解读
不管怎样他骑三十英里自行车到达布莱克博士那里,因为没有其他的交通方式。
(1)somehow为副词,意为“以某种方式;通过某种途径;不知怎么地”,也可以说成somehow or other。
例如:
Somehow or other we became good friends.
不知何故我们成了好朋友。
We must find money for the rent somehow or other.
我们必须以某种方式筹借房租的钱。
Somehow we must get to Qingdao.
我们得设法到青岛去。
Somehow I don’t feel I can trust him.
不知什么缘故,我觉得不能信任他。
(2)alternative 作名词时,意为“可能的选择,选择对象”,
常见搭配有:
have no alternative but to do,there is no alternative but to do have no alternative to doing 均表示“除做某事外,没有其他办法”或者“没有其他办法,只好做某事”,
其中的have no alternative but to do相当于have nothing to do but do,have no choice but to do或者could do nothing but do。 alternative作形容词时表示“供选择的;其他的”, 常用在名词前作定语。
例如:
I had no alternative/choice but to send him to the police.=I have no alternative to sending him to the police.= I have nothing to do/could do nothing but send him to the police.
除了把他交给警察,我别无选择。
The way was blocked so we had to go by an alternative road.
这条路堵了,所以我们只能走其他的路。
难点深究
(1)someway somehow anyhow anyway somewhat的异同:someway=somehow 以某种方式,不知怎么地;anyhow=anyway 无论如何,尽管,即使这样;somewhat为副词,意为“稍微,有点儿”。
例如:
I couldn’t believe her anyhow/anyway.
我无论如何也不能相信她。
It may not work but I’ll have a try anyhow/anyway.
这可能行不通,但我无论如何都要试一试。
He looked somewhat annoyed.
他看来有几分困扰的样子。
(2) alternative与choice意思相近,都可表示“选择”。alternative指较严肃的选择,尤其用于两者挑一;choice是普通用词,强调自由选择。
8
He knew that his success was almost entirely due to his assistant’s systematic hard work.
P40
难句解读
他知道他的成功几乎完全是因为他的助手的系统的艰辛的工作。
due为形容词,可表示“到期的 应付(给)的,到期应付的;预定的,约定的,预定要到达或发生的”,通常只用作表语;若表示“适当的,合适的;应得的”,通常只放在名词前作定语。
例如:
The bill is due.
这张票据已到期。
Respect is due to older people.
年长者应受到尊重。
Our grateful thanks are due to you.
我们衷心感谢你。
A great deal of money is due to you.
要付给你一大笔钱。
The meeting isn’t due to start until four.
会议预定要到四点才召开。
When is the train due?
火车什么时候到?
The guests are due to arrive very soon.客人很快就会到。
We should pay due attention to this problem.
我们应对这个问题给予适当的关注。
You must put these things in due order.
你必须把这些东西按适当的顺序放好。
短语due to(to为介词)意为“欠下债(账) 应给予;由于,因为;应归功/咎于”,可以引导表语或状语。
例如:
The wages due to him will be paid tomorrow.
他的工资明天支付。
He was late due to the traffic jam.
他因交通堵塞而迟到了。
The accident was due to bad driving.
这次事故是由于不会开车。
His success was due to hard work.
他的成功都归功于他的努力。
难点深究
because of owing to due to on account of thanks to的异同:
because of意为“因为,由于”,在句中一般作状语,可置于句首或句末;
owing to意为“由于,因为”,在句中通常做状语,可置于句首或句末;
due to意为“由于”,它引导的短语在句中一般作表语和定语,但在很多场合,可以与owing to换用,作状语;
on account of意为“因为,由于”,它引导的短语在句中一般作状语,可置于句首或句末;thanks to意为“幸亏,多亏,由于”等,其引导的短语在句中一般用作状语,可置于句首或句末 可表达正面意思,也可用于讽刺的口吻中。
例如:
Because of illness the boy did not go to school.
因为生病,这个男孩没有去上学。
They could not cross the river owing to the flood.
因为洪水他们不能过河。
The accident is due to driving at high speed.
事故的起因是高速驾驶。
The train was late on account of the heavy snow.
由于大雪火车晚点了。
Thanks to your help we finished the work ahead of time.
多亏你的帮助,我们提前完成了工作。
9
Well. I’m fed up with all the attention and…
P41
难句解读
嗯,我对所有的关注很厌烦并且……。
feed up原义指“吃得太多,反胃”,引申为“感到厌烦”; be fed up with 意为“受够了;饱受;厌烦”, be bored with…和be tired of…也可以表示“对……感到厌烦”。例如:
He is fed up with reading. =He is tired of/bored with reading
他厌倦读书。
She was fed up with her deskmate.
她对同桌感到厌烦。
I am fed up with the same old sandwiches.
我已经吃厌了这种同样的老式三明治。
10
Read the passage and find out what the possible work division was between men and women in primitive societies and fill in the chart below.
P42
难句解读
阅读这篇文章并找出原始社会男女之间的可能的社会分工,并填写下面的表格。
division为名词,意为“分割,划分,分配,除法,分界线”, 可用于搭配:division of sth.分某物;division of sth. between/among sb.在某人之中分某物,与某人有分歧;division of sth. into sth.分某物为……,把……分为……。
例如:
the division of labour 分工
Is that a fair division of the money?
那样分款公平吗?
This is a simple problem in division.
这是简单的除法。
The river forms the division between the heavy industrial and light industrial areas of the city.
这条河成了这座城市重工业区和轻工业区的分界线。
难点深究
divide separate的区别:这两个词都有“分开”的意思,但含义和用法不太相同。divide表示“分,分开”,指把整体分成若干份,常与介词into搭配使用;而separate意为“隔开”,指把原来连在一起或靠近的分离开来,使之有一段距离,常用于separate…from…结构。
例如:
Let’s divide our class into 7 groups.
让我们把班级分成7组。
Please don’t let such a small matter divide us.
请不要让这种小事使我们失和。
Look! The two boys are fighting. Let’s go and separate them.
看!那两个男孩在打架。我们过去把他们分开吧。
11
She had felt so proud as the group shouted loudly to applaud his choice.
P43
难句解读
当族人为他的选择欢呼鼓掌的时候,拉拉觉得非常自豪。
applaud可作及物动词亦可作不及物动词,意为“鼓掌欢迎,拍手称赞,喝彩,赞赏”,常见用法有:applaud sb./sth.为……鼓掌,称赞/赞成……;applaud sb. for sth.因为……称赞某人。
例如:
The audience applauded the singer’s performance.
观众为歌手的表演热烈鼓掌。
I applauded her for having the courage to refuse.
我赞赏她敢于拒绝的勇气。
The crowd applauded him/his performance for five minutes.
群众为他/为他的演出鼓掌五分钟。
We all applaud/praise your decision. =We all applaud/praise you for your decision.我们一致赞成你的决定。
Please applaud our success.
请为我们的成功喝彩。
难点深究
applause是不可数名词,意为“掌声,鼓掌,赞许,喝彩”。
例如:
His speech was frequently interrupted by applause.
他的演说不时被掌声打断。
12
If only she had looked ahead and planned better this year!
P43
难句解读
她要是今年早有预见,计划得更好些就好了!
if only意为“但愿;要是……就好了”,往往用于含虚拟语气的句子中,一般为感叹句,用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的虚拟,用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。
例如:
If only I were you!
我要是你就好了!
If only you hadn’t told me the truth!
你要是没告诉我真相就好了!
look ahead意为“向前看,为将来打算,未雨绸缪,展望未来,考虑将来”。
例如:
Looking ahead you must expect a brilliant future.
展望未来,你肯定会有一个光辉的前程。
You shouldn’t be eager for quick success and instant benefit but should look ahead.
你不应该急功近利,而应把眼光放远一些。
Look ahead and you can see a tall building.
向前看,你可以看到一座高楼。
难点深究
(1) if only only if的区别:if only意为“要是……就好了”,后接虚拟语气;only if 意为“只要”,后接从句时用陈述语气。例如:
If only I could fly like a bird!
要是我能像鸟一样飞就好了!(与现在的事实相反)
You will succeed only if you work hard.
只要你努力学习,你就会成功。
(2) 由look构成的动词短语有:
look around/round环顾,游览,参观;
look back回想,回顾过去;
look after 照顾;
look down on/upon 轻视,看不起;
look forward to 期待,盼望;
look for 寻找;
look into 朝……里面看,调查,研究(问题、罪行等);
look on 旁观;
look out (for) 小心,当心,留神;
look through 浏览,快速阅读,仔细查阅;
look up (在书、名单、计算机等)查阅(资料) 抬头看。
13
Having heard wolves howling in the forest Lala accelerated her walk up the path to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her.
P43
难句解读
听着狼在森林里嗥叫,拉拉沿着回洞穴的路走着,她的步伐加快了,担心会有野兽埋伏袭击她。
在这个句子中,有两个分词短语做状语,一个是having… 另一个是fearing…。这两个分词短语的逻辑主语都与主句主语一致,都是Lala。Having heard…表示这一动作在主句谓语动作之前已经完成;fearing that…作伴随状语。
例如:
Having cleaned the rooms we began to paint the house.
打扫完了房间之后我们开始油漆房子。
Having bought the tickets they entered the theater talking and laughing.
买了票之后,他们说笑着走进剧院。
accelerate作不及物动词时,意为“使(某事物)加快,促进(某事物)”,做及物动词时,意为“加速,加快”,名词acceleration意为“加快,加速;(指车辆)加速性能”。
例如:
The new policy has accelerated the prosperity of economy.
新政策促进了经济的繁荣。
In order to catch up with and surpass the advanced world levels we’ll have to accelerate our speed.
要赶超世界先进水平 我们还得快马加鞭。
短语lie in wait for… 的意思有:“等待伏击某人,埋伏以待,准备出其不意地袭击;不愉快的事发生在某人身上”。
例如:
When the little girl walked through the forest a wolf was lying in wait for her.
小姑娘穿过森林的时候,一只大灰狼在静候着她。
Little did I know what troubles were lying in wait for me when I got home.
我回家时根本就不知道有什么麻烦等着我。
14
She had almost reached her destination when a delicious smell arrested her progress and she stopped.
43
难句解读
快到目的地的时候,一阵香气扑鼻,她不往前走了,停了下来。
when引导时间状语从句时,通常意为“(当)……时候”,主句表示一件事正在发生或即将发生,when引导的从句则表示此时又发生了另一件事。when常带有“突然”之意,可意为“正在……,突然……”或“正在……,这时……”。
例如:
I was working in the garden when I suddenly felt a pain in my stomach.
我正在花园里干着活,突然感到肚子疼。
Frank was about to leave when he noticed a letter lying on the floor.
费兰克正打算离开,这时他注意到地板上有封信。
arrest作及物动词时,意为“逮捕,吸引”,作名词时,意为“逮捕,拘留”。惯用搭配有:arrest sb. for sth.因……逮捕某人,under arrest被逮捕,arrest one’s attention 吸引某人注意。
例如:
I arrest you in the name of the law.
我以法律的名义逮捕你。
The beautiful sunset arrested our attention.
美丽的日落吸引了我们的注意力。
He was charged with resisting arrest.
他被控拒捕。
You are arrested for murder. =You are under arrest for murder.
你因谋杀而被捕了。
难点深究
when表示“突然……,这时……”之意时主要用于下列句型中:
(1)“was/were doing sth. when 从句”,意为“正在干……这时……”,
例如:
I was cooking when the door bell rang.
我正在做饭这时候门铃响了。
(2)“was/were about to do sth.或者was/were on the point of doing sth. when从句”表示“正要/正准备做某事,就在这时……”。
例如:
I was on the point of going to bed when you rang.
我正要睡觉的时候,你来电话了。
(3)“was/were 表状态的介词短语 when从句”意为“正在做某事,就在这时……”。例如:
She was on the way home when two boys stopped her.
她正往家走,突然两个男孩拦住了她。
(4) “had (just/almost) done sth. when从句”意为“刚做完/几乎要做完某事,这时……”。
例如:
I had almost talked myself into giving up when I decided to go on.
我几乎都要说服自己放弃了,这时我决定还是要继续下去。
15
Abruptly she sat down only to be scooped up by her laughing shouting sister Luna.
P43
难句解读
突然间她坐了下来,但又被她那又笑又叫的妹妹露娜一把搂了起来。
句中only作副词,意为“不料,结果却”,此时only常和to do连用,表示出乎意料或令人失望的结果,表示结果的事件紧接着前面的事件发生。
例如:
He hurried home only to find the guests had left.
他匆匆忙忙赶回家,结果却发现客人们已经走了。
I tore open the box only to discover that some of the parts were missing.
我撕开了盒子,却发现有些零件不见了。
He made a long speech only to show his foolishness.
他讲了一大通,结果只是显露了他的愚蠢。
难点深究
动词不定式与现在分词均可作结果状语,前者表示意料之外的结果,后者表示自然而然在意料之中的结果。
例如:
We got to the cinema only to be told the tickets had been sold out.
我们到达了电影院,结果被告知票已经售完了。
The number of the students in our school reaches 5000 making it the largest school in our area.
我校学生的数量达到5000人,使它成为本地区最大的学校。
16
Just then a tall man came up behind her. He had a large square face with strongly pronounced eyebrows and cheekbones.
P43
难句解读
就在那时,她身后来了一位高个子男人,他的脸盘又大又方,浓眉大眼,颧骨突出。
come up意为“走上前来,走近;(问题)发生,出现;被提及,被提出”。
例如:
A stranger came up to him and asked him to show the way to the hospital.
一个陌生人走近他,向他询问去医院的路。
I will let you know if anything comes up. 如果有事发生我会告诉你。
A number of interesting points came up at today’s meeting.
在今天的会议上一些有趣的观点被提了出来。
注意:come up表示“被提及,被提出”之意时,句子使用主动形式表示被动意义。
难点深究
(1) 由come构成的动词短语有:
come up with 想出,提出(主意、解决办法等);
come up against 突然遇到(困难,反对或不愉快的事);
come across 偶然遇见;
come at sb.扑向某人;
come back to 回到某地,回到某个问题上;
come out 出现,出版,(指花朵等)开始长出
(2) 英语中,如果两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多,则音节少的形容词在前,音节多的在后。如:a small wonderful gift。多个形容词修饰一个名词的顺序通常为:限定词(these those…) 数量形容词(three) 描绘性形容词(beautiful) 大小、长短、高低等形体性形容词(large long high) 新旧(old) 颜色(red) 国籍(Chinese) 材料(wooden) 用途(writing) 被修饰名词(desk)。
例如:
He has a long red American car.
他有一辆红色的美国长跑车。
They live in a beautiful old house.
他们住在一所漂亮的老房子里。
She has a lovely red woolen jumper.
她有一件可爱的红色套头羊毛衫。
It was a lovely old French song.
这是一首好听的法语老歌。
He owns a horrible big black dog.
他养着一条黑色的大恶狗。
关于多个形容词修饰名词的顺序问题,以下这个口诀有助于记忆:
限定描绘大长高,
形状年龄和新老,
颜色国籍跟材料,
作用类别往后靠。
17
… and can be dated bake to between 3 000 and 5 000 years ago.
P44
难句解读
……可追溯到3000至5000年以前。date from等同于date back to ,意为“追溯到,开始于”。
例如:
The church dates back to the 13th century.
该教堂是13世纪建的。
The earliest coins in China can date back to thousands of years ago.
中国最早的货币可以追溯到几千年前。
The custom dates from ancient times.
这个习俗是从古代开始的。
难点深究
date back to与date from一般都不用于被动语态和进行时态。尽管两者后面接的是过去时间,但通常要与一般现在时连用。但是,如果谈论的主体现在已经不存在了,则可用一般过去时。
例如:
The church which dated back to the 13th century was destroyed in an earthquake two years ago.
那座教堂是13世纪建成的,两年前在一次地震中被毁了。