kcl硕士生活（为什么越来越多的印尼年轻人选择早婚）
kcl硕士生活（为什么越来越多的印尼年轻人选择早婚）2. Since then Mr Natta and his wife Wardah Maulina have become celebrities on Instagram. They are the poster couple for a social movement sweeping Indonesia home to the world’s largest population of Muslims. Its champions encourage single Muslims to renounce dating lest they succumb to the temptations of premarital sex which is barred by Islamic law. Better to marry young and swiftly and lea
Got an itch? Get hitched
心痒难耐？结婚吧
Why more Indonesian teens are giving up dating
为什么越来越多的印尼青少年不再约会
Wed now to avoid temptation online conservatives urge
在线保守主义人士呼吁，结婚是以避免诱惑
1. IT WAS LOVE at first like. When Natta Reza a dashing Indonesian busker discovered the young woman’s account on Instagram he knew he’d found the one. He liked one of her posts and they started chatting. Within hours he had proposed via an Instagram message. They married soon after in February 2017.
这是一见钟情。当帅气迷人的印尼街头艺人纳塔·雷扎(Natta Reza)在Instagram上发现这名年轻女子的账户时，他就知道他找到了自己的真命天女。他给她的一个帖子点了个赞，然后她们就开始聊天。几个小时后，他就通过Instagram向她求婚了。没过多久，就在2017年2月，他们结婚了。
2. Since then Mr Natta and his wife Wardah Maulina have become celebrities on Instagram. They are the poster couple for a social movement sweeping Indonesia home to the world’s largest population of Muslims. Its champions encourage single Muslims to renounce dating lest they succumb to the temptations of premarital sex which is barred by Islamic law. Better to marry young and swiftly and leave the matchmaking to a parent cleric or the Islamic internet. Islam in Indonesia has traditionally been a moderate affair. Yet the eagerness with which teenage and millennial Muslims have embraced abstinence shows how a purist strain of the faith has tightened its grip.
从那以后，纳塔和他的妻子瓦尔达·莫利纳(Wardah Maulina)在Instagram上走红了。他们是印尼社会运动的模范夫妻，而印尼是世界上穆斯林人口最多的国家。该社会运动的拥护者要求单身穆斯林不要约会，免受婚前性行为的诱惑，因为伊斯兰法律是禁止婚前性行为的。最好早婚，越快越好，把做媒的事情交给父母、牧师甚至是伊斯兰互联网。印尼伊斯兰教一直是温和的。然而，青少年和千禧一代的穆斯林禁欲心切表明，纯粹主义已经加强了其对信仰的控制。
3. It all began five years ago in a dorm room in a provincial Javanese city. La Ode Munafar was worried about his peers and the state of their souls. Many young Indonesians have no problem with dating or fooling around; perhaps two-fifths of unmarried adolescents have had sex. So Mr Ode leapt into action. He started an organisation called Indonesia Tanpa Pacaran (ITP) or “Indonesia without dating” launched a social-media campaign and invited Muslimsingletons to join sex-segregated WhatsApp chat-rooms to give each other succour as they hunted for a spouse.
这一切都始于五年前，在爪哇省一个城市的一间小屋中。奥德为他的同伴以及他们的灵魂状态感到担忧。许多印尼年轻人认为约会或闲荡是合理的；大概五分之二的未婚青少年有过性行为。因此，奥德立即采取了行动。他创办了一个名为“印度尼西亚无约会”(Indonesia Tanpa Pacaran，简称ITP)的组织，发起了一场社交媒体运动，并邀请穆斯林单身人士加入性别隔离的WhatsApp聊天室，鼓励大家在找对象时互相帮助。
4. Mr Ode has been wildly successful. By 2018 ITP had at least 600 000 paying members according to Magdalene magazine. YouTube videos of teenage girls calling their boyfriends and dumping them have racked up thousands of views while the Instagram accounts of Mr Natta and Ms Wardah who are ITP ambassadors have over 1m followers each. Mr Ode’s message is getting through. Mia a 20-year-old ITP member thinks forgoing dating in favour of early marriage is “very noble”. The number of young girls tying the knot is startlingly high; in 2018 11% of women aged between 20 and 24 had married before 18.
奥德获得了巨大成功。Magdalene杂志称，到2018年，ITP至少有60万付费会员。十几岁的女孩打电话给男友并甩了他们的视频在YouTube上获得了数千次的点击量，而担任ITP大使的纳塔和瓦尔达的Instagram账户分别拥有100多万粉丝。La Ode Munafar的想法正在传播。20岁的ITP成员米亚认为，为了早婚而放弃约会是“非常高尚的”。想要结婚的年轻女孩数量惊人;2018年，20岁至24岁的女性中有11%在18岁之前结婚。
5. Mr Ode is by no means the first Muslim to condemn dating says Dina Afrianty of La Trobe University in Australia. What’s new about ITP is its use of social media. Mr Natta and Ms Wardah’s Instagram posts put a rose-tinted filter on the life of a young married couple. Their hip social-media personae make the case for chastity and early marriage far more effectively than any sermon. The ability of Mr Ode and other tech-savvy conservatives to market Islam to young Muslims accounts for the popularity of ITP and hijrah the broader grassroots movement to which it belongs. A survey by Alvara a pollster conducted in 2019 showed that Indonesians between the ages of 14 and 29 are more likely to possess “ultra-conservative” religious views than their elders.
澳大利亚拉特洛贝大学的迪娜•阿夫里安蒂说，奥德绝不是第一个反对约会的穆斯林。ITP的创新之处在于其对社交媒体的使用。纳塔和瓦尔达在Instagram上发布的帖子对一对年轻夫妇的生活进行了美化。她们在社交媒体上时髦的形象使贞节和早婚比任何布道都有效得多。奥德和其他精通技术的保守派人士向年轻穆斯林推销伊斯兰教的能力，解释了ITP和希吉拉(比ITP更广泛的草根运动)的受欢迎程度。民调机构Alvara在2019年进行的一项调查显示，印尼14岁至29岁的年轻人比他们的长辈更有可能持有“极端保守”的宗教观点。
6. Hijrah’s popularity is a measure of how much Indonesian Islam has changed in the past two decades. The faith used to be syncretic and undogmatic. But after the dictatorship’s fall in 1998 conservative voices that had been silenced began to be heard. Salafism moved from the margins to the mainstream. Preachers educated in Arab countries set about remaking Indonesian Islam in the mould of its austere Arab cousin. Islam emerged as a political force in 2016 when hundreds of thousands of zealots demonstrated against a Christian politician whom they accused on the basis of doctored evidence of having insulted the Koran. He lost an election and was jailed.
希吉拉的受欢迎程度反映了印尼伊斯兰教在过去20年里发生了多大的变化。印尼伊斯兰教曾经是融合、且非教条的。但在1998年独裁政权倒台后，原本被压制的保守派开始复苏。沙拉菲主义从边缘走向主流。在阿拉伯国家接受教育的传教士开始按照简朴阿拉伯模式重塑印尼伊斯兰教。伊斯兰教在2016年成为一股政治力量，当时数十万狂热分子举行示威，反对一名基督教政治人物，他们依据篡改过的证据，指控这名政治人物侮辱了《古兰经》。他在选举中失败并且被捕入狱。
7. Conservative Muslims regard women as “the guardians of the family” according to Ms Dina and have looked on with indignation as women have carved out space for themselves. Feminists have won some important legislative victories. Last year for instance parliament increased the legal age of marriage for girls from 16 to 19 in a bid to curb child marriage (the legal age of marriage for men is 19). But emboldened Islamist lawmakers are doing their best to return women to the hearth and home.
据蒂娜女士说，保守的穆斯林认为女性是“家庭的守护者”，并对女性为自己开辟空间表示愤慨。女权主义者在立法方面取得了重要胜利。例如，去年议会将女孩的法定结婚年龄从16岁提高到19岁，以遏制童婚(男性的法定结婚年龄是19岁)。但是受到鼓舞的伊斯兰立法者正在尽最大努力让妇女重返家庭。
8. Among the bills to be considered by parliament this year is a “family resilience” bill which requires women to “take care of household affairs”. It has been roundly mocked by the urban elite who point out that it was drafted by female MPs who cannot often be at home. But behind the ridicule lies fear. “The feminist space at the national level is shrinking ” says Mutiara Ika Pratiwi of Perempuan Mahardhika an Indonesian women’s organisation.
今年议会将审议的法案中有一项“家庭复原力”法案，要求妇女“处理家庭事务”。该法案遭到了城市精英的严厉嘲讽，他们指出，它是由女性议员起草的，而这些女性议员往往不能在家处理家庭琐事。但这嘲讽背后是恐惧。“国家层面的女权主义空间正在缩小，”印尼妇女组织Perempuan Mahardhika的Mutiara Ika Pratiwi说。
9. It has long been under attack at the local level. A study from 2008 showed that 52 districts out of a total of 470 enacted 45 sharia-inspired laws between 1999-2008. Aceh a special administrative region governed by Islamic law prohibits women from straddling motorcycles playing football and leaving their homes at night. In 2015 officials in Purwakarta a county in West Java announced that unmarried couples caught together after 9pm would be required to marry or break up. Mr Ode would surely approve.
女权主义长期以来一直在印尼地方受到攻击。2008年的一项研究显示，在总共470个地区中，有52个地区在1999年至2008年间颁布了45部受伊斯兰教法启发的法律。亚齐是一个伊斯兰法律管辖的特别行政区，禁止妇女骑摩托车、踢足球和晚上离家。2015年，西爪哇省普瓦卡塔县的官员宣布，未婚伴侣晚上9点以后被抓到在一起将被要求结婚或分手。奥德先生肯定会同意这些法律的。
10. His organisation which encourages women to defer to their male relatives and refrain from arousing male lust has come under heavy criticism from feminists. They would do well to point out that for every Mr Natta and Ms Wardah there is a Salmafina Khairunnisa and Taqy Malik. In September 2017 Ms Salmafina then an 18-year-old Instagram personality married Mr Taqy a 22-year-old heart-throb even though they had met only two weeks before. Ms Salmafina soon learned that he was thinking about getting a second wife; polygamy in Indonesia is legal and encouraged by radical campaigners like Mr Ode. Mr Taqy soon discovered that his beloved was not the “submissive wife” he had expected. Within three months the couple had divorced.
奥德的组织鼓励女性听从男性亲属的意见，不要激起男性性欲，遭到女权主义者的严厉批评。他们最好指出，每有一个纳塔和瓦尔达，就有一个萨玛菲娜•凯鲁内萨和塔基•马利克。2017年9月，当时18岁的萨尔玛菲娜嫁给了22岁的大众情人塔基，尽管他才认识两周多。不久之后，萨尔玛菲娜女士得知他想娶第二个妻子;一夫多妻制在印尼是合法的，并受到像奥德先生这样的激进活动家的鼓励。塔基先生很快发现他的爱人并不是他所期望的“顺从的妻子”。不到三个月，这对夫妇就离婚了。
精读解析
篇章结构
P1—P2：以ITP(印度尼西亚无约会Indonesia Tanpa Pacaran，简称ITP)）代言人纳塔·雷扎夫妇的例子引入，说明受印尼伊斯兰激进主义影响，越来越多的印尼年轻人选择早婚。
P3—P4：ITP的成立及发展。
P5—P6：ITP的理念其实是来自伊斯兰保守主义，而印尼伊斯兰保守派在近几年慢慢复苏。
P7—P8：印尼保守主义压迫女性，受到女权主义的谴责。
P9—P10：女权主义在印尼受到攻击；ITP的观点会对女性造成伤害；早婚也存在很多问题。
重点单词
busker/'bʌskə/ n. 街头艺人
【例句】
People quickly congregated round the busker.
人们迅速围拢在卖艺人的周围。
dashing/'dæʃɪŋ/ adj. 精神振奋的 精神抖擞的；(衣服)漂亮而有趣的
【例句】
With dashing brows sparkling eyes and a few white hairs in the sideburns he looks very handsome just like a pulchritudinous film star.
他剑眉朗目，面如冠玉，两鬓掺着几根白发，样子标致得有点像某个电影明星。
matchmaking /ˈmætʃˌmeɪkɪŋ/ n. 作媒；安排比赛；火柴制造(业)
【例句】
Digital dating sites including a growing array of matchmaking apps are meant to help.
数字约会网站，包括数量正在不断增加的各种配对app意在帮人们一把。
champion /'tʃæmpɪən/ n. 冠军；捍卫者 拥护者
【例句】
a champion of financial probity.
财政清廉的提倡者。
a great champion of peace
伟大的和平捍卫者
lest conj. 唯恐，以免；担心
lest sb （should ）do sth. 免得某人应该做某事。
【例句】
I'll remind him lest he should forget it.
怕他忘记 我会提醒他的。
poster couple模范夫妻
poster child n. 作为模范的人或物
renounce/rɪ'naʊns/ vt. 宣布放弃
【短语】
renounce the world
vi. 退隐；脱离社会
【例句】
The prince renounced his right to the throne.
王子放弃王位继承权。
succumb to屈服于
【例句】
We must not succumb to fear or false narratives.
我们不能向恐惧或是虚假描述低头。
premarital/priː'mærɪt(ə)l/ adj. 婚前的
【例句】
But during investigations the 15-year-old was accused of having premarital sex with a separate man.
但在调查中，这名15岁的女孩被控与人发生婚前性行为。
abstinence/'æbstɪnəns/ n. 节制，禁绝，禁欲；戒酒；禁食(尤指天主教星期五禁止吃肉)；旨在积累资本的)进项储存，节流，节支
【例句】
Abstinence from fatty foods and smoking can probably lengthen your life.
禁食油腻食物和抽烟可延长寿命。
grip/grɪp/ n. 紧握 抓牢；掌握 控制；理解力 控制力；握法 手法；发夹; 把手vt. & vi. 紧握 抓紧；吸引 引起
【短语】
loose grip
轻握；松握
release grip
脱手
hand grip
把手；手柄
【例句】
He grips the walker and struggles forward.
他抓住助步车，努力往前起身。
fool around闲荡；游手好闲；干无用的事
【例句】
In that setting teenagers often say they "fool around " and in a reversal of the old pattern such an encounter may or may not lead to regular dating.
在这种场合下，青少年们常常会说他们在“鬼混”，而作为对旧模式的颠覆，这种遭遇战并不一定会带来定期的约会。
leap into action马上采取行动
【例句】
When one has passed they leap into action to blossom in the clearing that the fire has created.
当火灾过后，在大火燃烧之后遗留下来的空地上他们就会盛开起来。
singleton/'sɪŋg(ə)lt(ə)n/ n. 一个 独身 单独
【例句】
Police officers stood guard as mourners remember Sharonda Singleton and Ethel Lance.
哀悼者前来追悼两名遇难者莎朗达·辛格尔顿和埃塞尔·兰斯，葬礼上有警察守卫。
succour /ˈsʌkə/ n. 救援物品vt. 救助
【例句】
The woes of front-line residents have mounted as the authorities who are supposed to succour them vanish.
原本应该提供帮助的当局消失后，前线居民的痛苦日益增加。
rack up击倒，获胜；累计
【例句】
In the end Eavis's team did not rack up more record-setting discoveries.
最后，艾维斯的队伍并没有更多创纪录的发现。
chastity/'tʃæstɪtɪ/ n. 纯洁；贞洁；简洁
【例句】
I do not believe that there was in that genteel Bohemia an intensive culture of chastity but I do not remember so crude a promiscuity as seems to be practised in the present day.
我并不认为当时风雅放浪的诗人作家执身如何端肃，但我却不记得那时候文艺界有今天这么多风流韵事。
rose-tinted ['rəuz tintid] adj. 玫瑰色的；希望的；乐观的
【例句】
Big media continue to view the situation through rose-tinted spectacles while consumers see red.
大众传媒始终戴着玫瑰色的眼镜来看这种情况，而消费者戴着红色的眼睛来看这种情况。
personae /pə:'səunə/ n. 人 角色(persona的复数)
【例句】
The online persona might actually be more significant than our legal documents.
网络角色实际上可能比我们的法律文书更有意义。
tech-savvy精通技术的
【例句】
Gordon Brown belying his clunking image has brought tech-savvy communications staff into Downing Street.
布朗已经把精通技术的通讯工作人员带到的唐宁街。
ultra-conservative/ˌəltrəkən'sərvətɪv/ adj. (政治、宗教等方面)极端保守的n. 极端保守的人
【例句】
It's one of several new forms of entertainment that the ultraconservative kingdom now permits.
时装周是极端保守的沙特王国现在允许进行的几个新娱乐形式之一。
syncretic/siŋ'kri:tik/ adj. 融合的 汇合的 调合的 类并的
【例句】
There as elsewhere in the States rock is currently in the midst of a huge syncretic surge toward a new idiom-and the Beatles' wildly eclectic spirit hovers over it all.
在美国的其他地方摇滚正在进行剧烈的融合蜕变出一种新的艺术风格，而披头士狂野的电音精神盘旋在这团漩涡之上。
undogmatic adj. 非教条的;非武断的
【例句】
The play between function and form here is spontaneous and undogmatic: the ramps and stairs of the swimming pool are stamped irrepressibly onto the façades and shape the internal space.
功能和形式之间的作用是自然产生和非教条的：泳池的坡道和楼梯无法避免地显现在立面上，并且形成内部空间。
dictatorship /dɪk'teɪtəʃɪp/ n. 独裁;专政；独裁统治的国家
【例句】
She was given her freedom by the military dictatorship on November 13th 2010.
2010年11月13日，缅甸军政府将她释放。
Salafism萨拉菲主义
注：萨拉菲是伊斯兰教的一个极端主义教派，他们信奉没有删减或更改的伊斯兰教原初教义。“萨拉菲”一词在阿拉伯语里是“前辈”、“先人”的意思，这一伊斯兰教极端派别的价值观和信仰宗旨，就是追随祖辈的遗训，复古怀旧，完全按照伊斯兰最高经典《古兰经》的教诲行事。
austere /ɒ'stɪə/ adj. 朴素的 无装饰的；严格的; 严峻的 一丝不苟的；(指人或行为)十分简朴的 苦行的
【例句】
I then entered a dining room decorated and furnished in austere good taste.
我于是走进了餐厅，餐厅内的摆设和家具都十分讲究。
zealot/'zelət/ n. 狂热者；犹太教狂热信徒
【例句】
Left to their own devices activists might pick unelectable zealots.
若听任这种状况发展下去，积极分子将会选择不可能当选的狂热激进分子。
doctored/'dɒktə/ vt. 为…治病；授以博士学位；修理；窜改，伪造
【例句】
He was accused of doctoring the figures.
他被指控篡改数字。
the Koran古兰经
carve out创业；开拓；雕刻
【例句】
One way to find a great niche is to carve out a small corner of a popular topic.
其中一个好的方法是，从一个热门话题里开拓出一个小角落来讨论。
in a bid to为了…；试图；以便；力求
【例句】
Their husbands stay away from the tent and sleep in the muddy grass outside in a bid to give the women some privacy.
她们的丈夫呆在帐篷外面，睡在泥泞的草地上，这样可以给女人们一些私密的空间。
embolden/ɪm'bəʊld(ə)n/ vt. 鼓励 使有胆量
【例句】
While Democrats are emboldened Senate Republicans face a hard truth.
民主党人十分大胆，参议院共和党人面临着严峻的现实。
heart-throbn. 心跳 情人；令人醉心的人
【例句】
I can't help it I feel like a teen heartthrob.
我没办法 我现在就像个青春偶像。
polygamy/pə'lɪgəmɪ/ n. 一夫多妻，一妻多夫，多配偶
【例句】
He was found guilty of bigamy in America's first big polygamy case in nearly 50 years.
在这场美国近五十年来的第一桩一夫多妻的大官司当中，他被判犯了重婚罪。
