gre填空题220题（GRE阅读解析Passage69）

gre填空题220题（GRE阅读解析Passage69）E. resolve a dispute among historians over a controversial historical episodeD. outline opposing interpretations of a particular historical phenomenonA. suggest that two different arguments about a particular historical period are both questionableB. present historical evidence that undermines a widely accepted viewpointsC. defend a revisionist historian’s thesis against traditionalist criticism

Historian Colin Calloway argues that in the late colonial period preceding the American Revolution (1775-1783) the British government sought to seal off territory west of the Appalachian Mountain from the encroachment of land-hungry White settlers to negotiate with Native American peoples as independent foreign states and to guarantee the integrity of traditional native American hunting grounds. By contrast White Americans released by the out break of the Revolution from the constraints of Britain’s allegedly benevolent policies are portrayed by Calloway as ruthless land-grabbers whose new national government endorsed their rapacity. Bernard Bailyn argues however that the “Americans” who encroached on Native American land during the Revolution had been British only a few years before. When during and after the Revolution White Americans seized Native American land by any available means they were continuing a tradition dating back to the earliest years of English settlement in North America. And according to Bailyn the British government’s prewar efforts to preserve the trans-Appalachian west for Native Americans resulted not from humanitarian virtue or ethnic tolerance but from British Merchants’ desire to maintain their lucrative trade with native Americans and the government’ s desire to control immigration and avoid costly conflict between White and Native Americans over land.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. suggest that two different arguments about a particular historical period are both questionable

B. present historical evidence that undermines a widely accepted viewpoints

C. defend a revisionist historian’s thesis against traditionalist criticism

D. outline opposing interpretations of a particular historical phenomenon

E. resolve a dispute among historians over a controversial historical episode

答案：D

2. The reference to “the earliest years of English settlement in North America” serves primarily to emphasize the point that

A. Calloway has exaggerated the ruthlessness and rapacity of White settlers in their relations with native Americans prior to the American Revolution.

B. Seizure of Native American lands by White settlers had increased dramatically throughout the time of British Colonial rule.

C. At one time White settlers had negotiated with Native American people as independent foreign states.

D. White settlers had no legitimate ground for claiming title to land they seized west of the Appalachian Mountains.

E. Aggression by White settlers against Native Americans during and after the American Revolution was not a new phenomenon.

答案：E

3. It can be inferred that both Bailyn and Calloway would probably agree with which of the following assertions regarding the relations between White Americans and Native Americans concerning the trans-Appalachian west

A. The American Revolution unleashed an unprecedented wave of expropriation of Native American land by White settlers.

B. The British government’s prewar policy towards the Native Americans was determined largely by the interests of British merchants who traded with the Native Americans.

C. The British government tried to keep White settlers out of the trans-Appalachian west primarily in order to prevent disputes over land between those settlers and Native Americans.

D. The new national colonial government to negotiate with Native American peoples as independent foreign states.

E. One objective of the British government’s land policy prior to the American revolution was to prevent White settlers from moving to the western side of the Appalachian Mountains.

答案：A

解析见下。

Historian Colin Calloway argues that in the late colonial period preceding the American Revolution (1775-1783) the British government sought to seal off territory west of the Appalachian Mountain from the encroachment of land-hungry White settlers to negotiate with Native American peoples as independent foreign states and to guarantee the integrity of traditional native American hunting grounds.

第1句：历史学家科林卡洛维认为，在美国独立战争前的殖民后期（1775-1783），英国政府试图封锁阿巴拉契亚山脉以西的领土以免受到渴望占有土地的白人定居者的侵犯，与美洲原住民族人将之作为独立的外国谈判，并保证传统的土著美洲人狩猎场的完整性。

注意这是一种观点，不一定是对的。

英国政府试图封锁阿巴拉契亚山脉以西的领土——也就是试图把此处划定为国界，把白人的统治范围限定在山脉以东，而将山脉以西视为印第安人（也就是土著美州人）的地盘。

另外，估计阿巴拉契亚山脉以西是“传统的土著美洲人狩猎场”。所以如果山脉以西被“渴望占有土地的白人定居者”侵占的话，狩猎场就不完整了。

By contrast White Americans released by the out break of the Revolution from the constraints of Britain’s allegedly benevolent policies are portrayed by Calloway as ruthless land-grabbers whose new national government endorsed their rapacity.

第2句：相比之下，由革命爆发后从英国据称是慈善的政策的束缚中释放的美国白人被卡洛维描绘为无情的土地掠夺者，他们的新国家政府批准了他们的掠夺行为。

前面一句说的是独立战争之前，北美还是英国殖民地的时候，白人被当时的英政府约束着不可侵犯阿巴拉契亚山脉以西。这句话描述的是革命之后，也就是独立战争以后，北美建国之后。卡洛维觉得，政府变了，不再约束白人对山脉以西土地的侵犯。因此，美国白人就“从英国据称是慈善的政策的束缚中释放”了，开始掠夺土地。

“被卡洛维描绘为”其实就是在卡洛维这个人的观点里是这样的，也就是卡洛维是这样认为的。这就说明了这句话还是卡洛维的观点，不一定是对的。

之前英国的“不侵犯阿巴拉契山脉以西”的政策是一种“据称是慈善的政策”，也就是说，英国政府宣称自己提出这个政策是出于慈善目的，是出于保护或者尊重印第安人的目的建立的政策。其他人不一定相信英国政府的这个动机，所以文章用“据称是慈善的政策”来形容它。

Bernard Bailyn argues however that the “Americans” who encroached on Native American land during the Revolution had been British only a few years before.

第3句：然而，伯纳德·拜林认为，在革命期间侵犯美洲原住民土地的“美国人”仅在几年前还是英国人。

转折了。转折就说明，拜林不认可上文中卡洛维的观点。他指出的卡洛维观点的第一个问题是：卡洛维觉得美国人本来就想劫掠土地，但是英国政府是好的，之前是英国政府束缚了美国人的掠夺倾向；但拜林觉得，并不应该强调是“美国人”侵犯了阿巴拉契山脉以西的土地，不应该强调是有道德的英国政府在约束美国人，因为在战争之前不存在什么“美国人”——战争之前还不存在美国这个国家、不存在“美国人”这个概念呢。那些“美国人”本来是英国人，只是独立战争后国籍变成了美国人，但本质上还是同一个人啊。这些人并不是因为这几年变了国籍才变成贪婪的掠夺者的吧，人品不是几年之内突然堕落，突然从天使变成恶魔的吧？也就是说，不是变成美国人所以堕落了去劫掠吧，而是英国人自己本来就想掠夺。也就是，别看英国政府把自己宣传得多么仁义，普通英国人没有这么善良，没有这么无辜呀。

When during and after the Revolution White Americans seized Native American land by any available means they were continuing a tradition dating back to the earliest years of English settlement in North America.

第4句：在革命过程中间和之后，美洲白人通过任何可行的手段占领美洲原住民的土地，他们是在继续一项可以追溯到北美最早的英国定居时期的传统。

这句话前半句，“在革命过程中间和之后，美洲白人通过任何可行的手段占领美洲原住民的土地“，说明拜林也承认，在独立战争之中，和战争结束美国建国之后，美洲白人确实是在用各种手段侵占印第安人的土地。

不过，他和前面卡洛维的区别是后半句话。拜林不觉得侵占土地是战争之后、美国建国之后才有的新现象，而是认为：这可是老传统了，从北美有英国人定居的最早的那些时候就开始了。

这也就是说，拜林觉得，之前卡洛维说“为了保护印第安人领土，英国政府约束白人”的说法是有问题的。

And according to Bailyn the British government’s prewar efforts to preserve the trans-Appalachian west for Native Americans resulted not from humanitarian virtue or ethnic tolerance but from British Merchants’ desire to maintain their lucrative trade with native Americans and the government’ s desire to control immigration and avoid costly conflict between White and Native Americans over land.

第5句：而且，根据拜林的说法，英国政府为美国原住民维护跨阿巴拉契亚西部的战前努力不是出于人道主义美德或种族宽容，而是来自英国商人希望保持与美洲土著人的利润丰厚的贸易以及政府希望控制移民并避免白人与土著美国人之间关于土地的昂贵冲突。

根据上一句就已经能看出来，拜林不觉得“为了保护印第安人领土，英国政府约束白人”的说法合理，而是觉得从英国人来北美定居的一开始就一直在侵占印第安人领土。

在这句话里，拜林倒是没有否认，在独立战争之前，英国政府确实曾经努力维护阿巴拉契山脉以西不受白人侵犯。但是，拜林觉得，英国政府这样做的动机不是因为“人道主义美德或种族宽容”，也就是不是为了慈善、为了保护或者尊重印第安人，而是为了几个实用的目的：1、赚钱；2、控制移民；3、避免冲突。

1、 赚钱：“英国商人希望保持与美洲土著人的利润丰厚的贸易”，阿巴拉契山脉相当于国境线，西边是印第安人的国家，东边是白人的国家。如果能维持这个状态，那么商人和印第安人的贸易相当于跨国贸易，就可以挣大钱。如果不能维持这个状态，也就是如果任凭白人把印第安人的地盘都占了，整个北美融为一体成了一个国家，那商人就做不了跨国贸易挣不了什么钱了。

2、 控制移民：白人一直在往西面扩张，相当于脱离了东边的殖民地，离开了英国的势力范围，自己往西拓荒去了。这种扩张就是种移民。英国政府想控制这种行为，所以想维持着阿巴拉契山脉这条界限，不让自己的白人跑了。

3、 避免冲突：避免白人与土著美国人之间关于土地的昂贵冲突——也就是如果任由白人往西跑抢印第安人的土地，印第安人就会和白人发生冲突，后果很严重——印第安人的战斗力不差的。为了避免严重后果，不让自己这边的白人过去抢地，免得和人打架。

别忘了文章刚开始有“英国据称是慈善的政策”这么个表达。这句话反驳了英国的政策的目的。

拜林认为，英国虽然有不侵犯阿巴拉契山脉以西的印第安人地盘的政策，但并不是出于“人道主义美德或种族宽容”，也就是说，不是出于所谓的慈善目的。