龚鹏程题写书名欣赏（龚鹏程x威廉姆森）

龚鹏程题写书名欣赏（龚鹏程x威廉姆森）这些学科的发展是通过采用工程、研发、商业战略、金融和组织行为之间的跨学科方法实现的。中国公司已经学会将在国外获得的新技术和产品，通过投资和工艺创新，迅速扩大到大众市场的规模。彼得·威廉姆森教授：龚教授，您好。近年来，国际管理学科一直在迅速发展，首先是在台湾，然后是在更大范围的中国。开始时，它制定了如何进行成本创新的战略（以全新的方式利用中国的成本优势，以更少的成本为世界各地的客户提供更多的服务）。这包括以低成本提供高技术，以低价格提供定制化和多样化的产品和服务，以及将以前的小众市场发展成大批量的大众市场）。随后，加速创新学科的发展——通过 "启动、学习、改进 "的连续循环，使增量创新更快地进入全球市场。中国的国际管理学科已经扩大到去 "向世界学习 "。机制包括向先进市场试点出口，以学习和改进，建立合作伙伴生态系统，以及与发达国家的公司进行 "战略资产

龚鹏程对话海外学者第九十二期：在后现代情境中，被技术统治的人类社会，只有强化交谈、重建沟通伦理，才能获得文化新生的力量。这不是谁的理论，而是每个人都应实践的活动。龚鹏程先生遊走世界，并曾主持过“世界汉学研究中心”。我们会陆续推出“龚鹏程对话海外学者”系列文章，请他对话一些学界有意义的灵魂。范围不局限于汉学，会涉及多种学科。以期深山长谷之水，四面而出。

彼得·威廉姆森教授（Professor Peter Williamson）

剑桥大学管理学系教务主任，剑桥大学全球事务对话中心主任。

龚鹏程教授：您好。国际管理学，在中国和台湾，都还是发展中学科，请为我们介绍一下目前的重点和趋势。从学科建设方面看，跨学科整合应是非常重要的，学生如何培养？

彼得·威廉姆森教授：龚教授，您好。近年来，国际管理学科一直在迅速发展，首先是在台湾，然后是在更大范围的中国。

开始时，它制定了如何进行成本创新的战略（以全新的方式利用中国的成本优势，以更少的成本为世界各地的客户提供更多的服务）。这包括以低成本提供高技术，以低价格提供定制化和多样化的产品和服务，以及将以前的小众市场发展成大批量的大众市场）。随后，加速创新学科的发展——通过 "启动、学习、改进 "的连续循环，使增量创新更快地进入全球市场。

中国的国际管理学科已经扩大到去 "向世界学习 "。机制包括向先进市场试点出口，以学习和改进，建立合作伙伴生态系统，以及与发达国家的公司进行 "战略资产寻求 "的合并和收购。

中国公司已经学会将在国外获得的新技术和产品，通过投资和工艺创新，迅速扩大到大众市场的规模。

这些学科的发展是通过采用工程、研发、商业战略、金融和组织行为之间的跨学科方法实现的。

同时，与海外大多数大学相比，中国的商学院与商业领袖和企业家保持着非常密切的联系。值得注意的是，在中国最受欢迎的管理培训是以高级管理人员工商管理硕士（EMBA）和短期高级管理人员课程的形式进行的。

The international management discipline has been developing rapidly in recent years first in Taiwan and then in China more broadly. It began by developing strategies for howcost innovation (the strategy of using Chinese cost advantage in radically new ways to offer customers around the world dramatically more for less). These included providing high technology at low cost customisation and variety of products and services at reduce prices and developing formerly niche market segments into high volume mass-markets). This was followed by development of a discipline of accelerated innovation – enabling incremental innovations to be brought more rapidly to global markets through continuous cycles of “launch learn improve”. The international management discipline in China has since expanded to encompass approaches to “learning from the world”. Mechanisms include piloting exports into advanced markets to learn and improve building partner ecosystems and “strategic asset-seeking” mergers and acquisitions with companies in developed countries. Chinese companies have learned to take new technologies and products acquired abroad and scale them up to mass-market volume very rapidly through investment and process innovation.

The development of these disciplines has been achieved by adopting an interdisciplinary approach between engineering R&D business strategy finance and organisational behaviour. Chinese business schools meanwhile have maintained very close links with business leaders and entrepreneurs compared with most universities overseas. It is notable that the most popular management training in China takes the form of Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBAs) and short-term senior executive programmes.

龚鹏程教授：您对中国的跨国公司，一般评价如何？

彼得·威廉姆森教授：在中国经营的跨国公司基本上分为两类：一类是已经形成长期可持续的地位，拥有大量的市场份额；另一类是陷入缝隙市场，无法扩张，不断评估是否应该撤出。

中国在其发展周期的相对早期阶段就吸引了大量的外国投资，从20世纪90年代初开始飙升。这导致了大量的技术和知识流入中国，中国企业通过作为跨国公司的供应商、雇用外国公司培训的员工以及直接观察，接触到了这些技术和知识。

此外，中国在发展的时候，世界经济已经相当全球化，因此，与日本和韩国等早几十年发展起来的国家的同行相比，中国公司更容易获得设备中所包含的知识，以及通过雇用全球人才和购买全球服务来获得知识。

这些因素加在一起，意味着中国和跨国公司之间的技术和知识差距已经缩小，而且在许多情况下已经消失，比其他大多数新兴经济体的情况要快得多。

当然，真正的专有技术和竞争优势将继续为跨国公司提供成功的潜力。但在中国，跨国公司不能假设他们现有的技术、产品和工艺将为中国消费者提供比本地企业更高的价值，这与许多其他新兴经济体的情况不同。

今天，在中国的市场份额必须从日益强大的中国竞争者手中夺取，而这些竞争者拥有本土团队的优势和获得全球技术的机会。那些已经成功的跨国公司需要进行长期投资，建立强大的本地组织，并改变其战略和运营程序，以完全融入巨大的中国市场。

Multinational companies operating in China basically fall into two groups: those that have developed long-term sustainable positions with substantial market share; and those that are caught in niche segments unable to expand continually evaluating whether they should pull out. China has attracted massive foreign investment at a relatively early stage in its development cycle soaring starting in the early 1990s. This resulted in a huge flow technology and know-how into the country to which Chinese firms were exposed by acting as suppliers to multinationals hiring staff trained by foreign firms and through direct observation. Moreover China was developing at a time when the world economy was already quite globalized so that the knowledge embodied in equipment and available through hiring global talent and purchasing global services was much more accessible to Chinese companies compared with their counterparts from countries such as Japan and Korea that had developed in earlier decades.

Together these factors meant that the technological and knowledge gaps between Chinese and multinationals have been reduced and in many cases eliminated much more rapidly than has been the case for most other emerging economies. Truly proprietary technologies and competitive advantages will of course continue to offer multinationals the potential to succeed. But in China multinationals cannot assume that their existing technologies products and processes will offer superior value to Chinese consumers compared with alternatives offered by local players contrary to what might be the case in many other emerging economies. Today market share in China must be wrested from increasingly powerful Chinese competitors with home-team advantages and access to global technologies. Those multinationals that have succeeded have needed to make the long-term investments build strong local organisations and and change in their strategies and operating procedures necessary to become fully integrated into the huge Chinese market.

龚鹏程教授：您有难得的教学经验，在伦敦商学院、哈佛商学院和欧洲工商管理学院等全球顶级商学院全都任教过。请扼要评说这几所学府。

彼得·威廉姆森教授：据我观察，世界顶级商学院的与众不同之处在于，它们形成了自己独特的 "思维流派 "和教学方法。他们不追随他人，而是采用自己对卓越的定义以及在商业世界和经济宇宙中创造影响力的方式。

哈佛商学院开创了案例教学法，并专注于教育具有一般管理视角的全面商业领袖，使其具备成为未来首席执行官的技能。

欧洲工商管理学院（INSEAD），以其泛欧洲的根基，强调培养学生的全球视野，是第一所跨国性的主要商学院，在每个主要大陆都有校区。

伦敦商学院利用其靠近全球金融中心——伦敦市的优势，在金融和金融服务以及经济学的相关学科方面发展了特别的优势。

顶级商学院还将其成功定义为对学生、企业和社会的影响。

我认为，对于新成立的和即将成立的商学院来说，要想取得成功，就必须使自己与众不同。这可以是他们希望成为全球公认的学科或洞见，他们的教学方法，或他们希望重点解决的跨学科挑战（如气候变化、新技术、不断变化的社会优先事项）。

What I observe sets the world’s top business schools apart is that they develop their own distinctive “schools of thinking” and pedological approaches. They don’t follow others but instead adopt their own definitions of excellence and ways of creating impact in the world of business and the wide economy. Harvard Business School pioneered the case method and focused on educating rounded business leaders with a general management perspective with the skills to become future chief executive officers. INSEAD with its pan-European roots emphasised development of a global perspective in its students and was the first major business school to become a multinational with campuses in each major continent. London Business School leveraging its close proximity to the global financial centre that is the City of London developed particular strengths in finance and financial services and related disciplines of economics. Top business schools also define their success as the impact they have on students business and society.

I think the lesson for new and up-and-coming business schools is that to succeed they need to differentiate themselves. This can be in the disciplines or perspectives they want to become globally recognised for their pedological approach or the cross-disciplinary challenges (such as climate change new technologies changing societal priorities) that they want to focus on addressing.

龚鹏程教授：您研究国际化、并购、和商业生态系统创新，事实上也推动着它们。这种学术和商业整合在一起的性态，有何利弊，可谈一谈吗？

彼得·威廉姆森教授：通过对某一特定主题或狭窄学科的高度专业化，学者们可以在该小领域获得巨大的专业知识。但他们面临的危险是，他们最终会 "自说自话"——或成为一个小圈子里的专家——从而削弱了他们的想法和知识对世界和广大社会的潜在影响。

我一直试图研究与实际商业问题相关的课题，以帮助整合学术界和商界。我花了大量的时间与商界人士合作，并在公司董事会任职，同时在大学里从事研究项目和教学工作。从这些与企业的互动中，我懂得了哪些问题是重要的，哪些问题是管理者正在努力解决的（纯学术研究的一个潜在问题是，所有东西都有可能是有趣的。这对纯科学家来说可能是好的，但对国际商务这样的应用领域来说是有问题的——如果我们要产生影响，我们需要专注于那些重要的问题）。

我还获得了一种体会，即哪些想法有可能成为一般原则，哪些想法是基于特定环境或时间的。

当人们寻求解决现实世界的商业问题时，其缺点是它们往往非常复杂和多维，这使得它们更难进行严格的分析。这些问题往往涉及不确定性和人类行为的不可预测性。但重要的是，要尝试将严谨性和相关性结合起来。这需要确定问题的关键方面和驱动因素，并考虑到整体的系统属性以及反馈回路和螺旋变化的影响。寻找简单化的因果关系是危险的，因为大多数实际的商业问题涉及到动态发展的不同力量的复杂互动。

By intense specialisation in a particular topic or narrow discipline academics can achieve great expertise in that small area. But they face a danger that they end up “talking to themselves” – or a small group of fellow specialists – and so undermining the potential impact their ideas and knowledge can have on the world and broader society.

I have always tried to work on topics that are relevant to practical business problems that help integrate academia and business. I have spent a great deal of my time working with business people and serving on the boards of companies along with working on research projects and teaching in the university. From these interactions with business I have learnt a great deal about what problems are important and that managers are wrestling with (a potential problem with pure academic research is that everything is potentially interesting which might be fine for pure scientists but is problematic for an applied area like international business – we need to focus on the problems that are important if we are to have an impact). I have also gained an appreciation of what ideas have the potential to become general principles and what are specific to a particular context or time.

The downside when one seeks to address real-world business problems is that they tend to very complicated and multi-dimensional which makes them more difficult to analyse with rigour. The often involve uncertainty spiced with the unpredictability of human behaviour. But it is important to try and combine rigour with relevance. This requires identifying the key aspects of and drivers of the issue and taking account of systemic properties of the whole and the impacts of feedback loops and spirals. Looking for simplistic cause and effect is dangerous because most practical business problems involve complex interactions of difference forces that evolve dynamically.

龚鹏程

龚鹏程，1956年生于台北，台湾师范大学博士，当代著名学者和思想家。著作已出版一百五十多本。

办有大学、出版社、杂志社、书院等，并规划城市建设、主题园区等多处。讲学于世界各地。并在北京、上海、杭州、台北、巴黎、日本、澳门等地举办过书法展。现为中国孔子博物馆名誉馆长、美国龚鹏程基金会主席。