text2阅读真题(阅读真题D312010)
text2阅读真题(阅读真题D312010)The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.参考译文:每天进步一点点Day30复习作业翻译参考:联邦巡回法院的这一裁决效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做出了一系列的判决,缩小了专利持有者的受保范围。
# 时 间 不 会 等 你 #
—用时间换分数,用努力换机遇,用倔强换梦想。
Goodmorning~汪汪们
每早7点,和老张一起死磕阅读真题
每天进步一点点
Day30复习作业翻译参考:
联邦巡回法院的这一裁决效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做出了一系列的判决,缩小了专利持有者的受保范围。
参考译文:
The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.
背景音乐:Nao'ymt - Lil' Goldfish
Day 31 全 文 解 析
【2010英语一年Text3】
(1/5)In his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals often called influentials who are unusually informed persuasive or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread. |
-在《引爆流行》这本书中,作者 Malcolm Gladwell 认为社会流行潮流在很大程度上是由一小部分特殊个体的行为引起的,这些人就是人们常说的影响者。他们异乎寻常的博闻多识,能言善辩,人脉广泛。从直觉上讲, Malcolm Gladwell的理论似乎很有说服力,但是它没有解释流行观念的实际传播过程。 |
(2/5)The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks brands or neighborhoods. In many such cases a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends. |
-人们之所以认为影响者很重要,是因为受到了“两级传播”理论的影响,即信息先从媒体流向影响者,然后再从影响者流向其他人。这一理论看似合理,但未经验证。营销人员接受两级传播理论是因为该理论认为,如果他们能够找到影响者,并对他们施加影响,这些精英们就会替他们完成大部分的营销传播工作。这一理论似乎还可以解释某些装扮、品牌或社区为何会突然受到出乎意料的追捧。对于许多诸如此类的情况,如果只是走马观花地寻找原因,你会发现总是有一小群人开风气之先,率先穿上、宣传和开发人们此前从未留意的东西。这种事实证据与该观点正好一拍即合——只有一些特别的人才能引领潮流。 |
(3/5)In their recent work however some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact they don't seem to be required at all. |
-但是,在最近的研究中,一些研究人员发现,影响者对社会流行潮流的影响力远比人们认为的要小。事实上,他们似乎根本就是无关紧要。 |
(4/5)The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence:with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media not interpersonal influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who according to the two-step-flow theory are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur however each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances who must in turn influence theirs and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people. |
-研究者的观点源于对社会影响力的简单观察:除了少数像奥普拉(Oprah Winfrey) 这样的名人之外(她强大的人气影响力主要来自媒体影响力,而非她与观众互动的人际影响力),即使人群中最有影响力的人也无法与那么多的“其他人”互动,从而引领潮流。然而,根据两级传播理论,正是这些非名人影响者直接影响了他们的朋友和同事,从而推动了社会流行潮流。但是,要让一种社会流行潮流真正发生,每个受影响的人还必须影响他的熟人,而他的熟人又必须影响其他熟人,依此类推;但是会有多少人去关注这些熟人中的每个人,与最初的影响者几乎没有关系。举个例子来说,在这个人际影响的网络中,如果第一个影响者受到两次抵制,那么他的连锁影响范围就不会继续扩大,或者说影响的人不会很多。 |
(5/5)Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"--- the widespread propagation of influence through networks ---is the presence not of a few influentials but rather of a critical mass of easily influenced people. (Translation) | -基于这一人际影响力的基本事实,研究者们研究了社会影响的动力机制。我们对不同人群进行了成千上万次计算机模拟,不断调整人们影响他人和受他人影响的各种变量。他们发现,人们所说的“全球连锁反应” —— 影响力通过(人际)网络进行广泛传播 —— 发生的主要前提,并不取决于是否存在着那么几个影响者,而主要取决于易受影响的人们是否达到了临界数量。 |
文 章 结 构 简 析
第一段,用引爆点这本书,引出话题,有影响力的人引领社会流行;
第二段,介绍二级传播理论,说明这些有影响力的人的作用;
第三段,转折,说明其实有影响力的人的影响不大;
第四段,分析二级传播理论,说明如果有影响力的人并不是能影响很多人;
最后一段,总结,社会流行的真正影响因素是一大批容易受影响的人。
本文建议题目:Social epidemic
选 择 题 详 解
31.By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to____ [A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics [B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas [C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics [D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials. |
31.通过引用《引爆点》一书,作者的目的是 [A] 分析社会流行风尚的后果 [B] 讨论影响者在思想传播方面的作用 [C] 举例说明人们对社会流行风尚的直觉反应 [D] 描述影响者的重要的特征 |
【答案】B 【考点】推理判断题 【解析】由第一段第一句分析可知选本选项。另外结合第二段,以及文章的主题,都是在探讨有影响力的人和社会流行的关系。[A] 与原文相反。本文讨论的是原因(driven) 而本题是说结果(consequence)。[C] 本段没有提到人们的直觉的反应(intuitive response)。[D] influential对social epidemics的作用。在原文的确有细节描写到这个内容,但是题干问的还是作者说这个书的目地。 注意:老张在面授中曾经一直理解选D了,直到最近一次发现不对劲,请各位曾经受到老张误导的各位同学改正过来,在这里也向老张的低级错误向各位同学表示诚挚的道歉。 | |
32.The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"____ [A] serves as a solution to marketing problems [B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends [C] has won support from influentials [D] requires solid evidence for its validity |
32.作者标明“两步传播理论” [A] 是市场问题的解决方法 [B] 帮助解释了某种流行趋势 [C] 赢得了影响者的支持 [D] 需要可靠的证据的证明其真实性 |
【答案】D 【考点】具体信息题 【解析】可知这个理论是未经检验的(untested),这就意味着“需要可靠的证据证明其有效性”(requires solid evidence for its validity)。所以本题是同义替换之正话反说。[A]与作者对该理论的反对态度矛盾。[B] 选项说的是has helped 而原文说的是这个理论似乎(seems)可以解释某些流行的趋势,seem这个词表明作者其实是反对这个说法的。[C] 偷换概念,偷换了原文句中的marketer | |
33.What the researchers have observed recently shows that____ [A] the power of influence goes with social interactions [B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media [C] influentials have more channels to reach the public [D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention |
33.研究人员最近的发现说明了 [A] 影响力和社会交际相一致 [B] 人际关系可以通过媒体提升 [C] 影响者有更多的渠道来接触公众 [D] 大多数鸣人收到媒体的广泛关注 |
【答案】A 【考点】词义句意题 【解析】由第三段可知,a social epidemic to occur= the power of influence, his or her own acquaintances=social interaction 可以明确的同义替换。goes with 与…相伴而生。 另外作者反对二级传播理论的一个说法是even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others,说明这些有影响力的人实际上缺乏社会互动,所以二级传播理论有问题。[B]本段没有提到媒体增加人际联系。无中生有。[C] channel(渠道)无中生有;[D]“大多数名人有很大的媒体影响力”,迷惑性比较大,原文提到奥普拉,也说她是例外,起到了媒体的作用。 | |
34.The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who____ [A] stay outside the network of social influence [B] have little contact with the source of influence [C] are influenced and then influence others [D] are influenced by the initial influential |
34.第四段中加下划线的“those place”指的是 [A] 处于社会影响网络之外的人 [B] 与影响接触很少的人 [C] 被影响然后又去影响他人的人 [D] 被最初的影响者影响的人 |
【答案】C 【考点】词义句意题 【解析】我们说过指代的原则:相邻和名词性成分原则。指代的对象一定是向前指代,往前找最近的名词。原文“每一个受影响的人必须要影响他的熟人,他的熟人再影响自己的熟人”所以these people 就是指这些“被影响并且影响别人的人”;[A]“在社会影响的网络之外”与原文相反。[B] 强干扰项。说的是“how many others pay attention to each of these people”与initial influential(= the source of influence)无关,而[B]偷换为“these people”与initial influential(= the source of influence)接触不多。 | |
35.What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence? [A] The eagerness to be accepted [B] The impulse to influence others [C] The readiness to be influenced [D] The inclination to rely on others |
35.在社会动态影响中,最重要的因素是什么? [A] 被接受的渴望 [B] 影响别人的冲动 [C] 被影响的愿意程度 [D] 依赖别人的倾向 |
【答案】C 【考点】具体细节题 【解析】The readiness to be influenced由本段最后一句可知社会影响的动力要素是:人们影响别人的能力以及被别人影响的倾向性。所以选C。[B] 错在impulse(突如其来的念头);[A]错在accept;[D]错在 rely on. |
真 题 D 32 任 务
1、D31复习:认真听Text3解析,完全搞清楚全文分析及解题思路,并复习本篇重点词汇句子。
2、复习作业:请参考原文,将下列句子在评论区汉翻英:
但是,在最近的研究中,一些研究人员发现,影响者对社会流行潮流的影响力远比人们认为的要小。
3、D32打卡:完成2010年英一Text4的精读笔记,5道选择题,最后一段英翻汉,拍照发到群里。不得请假!