简易跑道起降（如何做一个完美的短跑道降落）

简易跑道起降（如何做一个完美的短跑道降落）So what are the steps of a good short fieldlanding? We'll break it down into four phases: approach to landing clearing an obstacle touchdown and rollout.着陆进近，越障，接地以及滑跑。当遇到一个短跑道，或者跑道的末端有障碍物时，你需要去调整进近和着陆来安全的接地并且停在跑道上。When you're dealing with a short runway ora runway with an obstacle near the end if it you need to adjust your approachand landing to safely touch down and stop on the runway.那么一个好的

你是要在短跑道上降落吗？跑道的尽头有树木嘛？如果是，那么就要选择使用短跑道降落技能了。下面就来告诉你每一步怎么做。

Are you landing on a short runway? Does yourrunway have trees at the end of it? Then you need to put your short-fieldlanding skills into action. Here's how you'll do it step-by-step.

短跑道降落（与常规降落相比）有何不同

How Short Field Landings Are Different

当遇到一个短跑道，或者跑道的末端有障碍物时，你需要去调整进近和着陆来安全的接地并且停在跑道上。

When you're dealing with a short runway ora runway with an obstacle near the end if it you need to adjust your approachand landing to safely touch down and stop on the runway.

那么一个好的短跑道降落步骤是什么呢？我们把它分为四部：

着陆进近，越障，接地以及滑跑。

So what are the steps of a good short fieldlanding? We'll break it down into four phases: approach to landing clearing an obstacle touchdown and rollout.

着陆进近

第五边越障

Clearing An Obstacle On Final

如果在跑道的末端有障碍物，你进近的角度还需要比常规稍加大些。因为加大了角度所以你可以安全的越过障碍并且在接地前不需要浪费太多的跑道。下滑航道的角度越大，就有越多跑道用来触地。

If you have an obstacle at the approach endof the runway you'll want to fly a slightly steeper-than-normal approach aswell. By flying a slightly steeper angle you can safely clear the obstacle and not use up too much runway before you touch down. The steeper your glidepath the more runway you have available to touch down.

障碍=加大进近角度

但是加大进近角度有它的缺点。因为飞行时加大了下降角度，下降率将大于常规，你需要决定何时带杆并且需要加大带杆量来抵消下降的角度，减小下降率以便得到一个平缓的接地。

掌握短跑道降落带杆的时机需要多加练习。带杆太晚，你将着陆很硬。带杆太早，你将过早失速并且发展为过大的下降率。过早过晚都不好，避免的最好办法就是练习再练习。

But flying a steeper approach has itsdisadvantages. Since you're flying a steeper descent angle and you have ahigh-than-normal descent rate you really need to judge flare. You'll need topitch up more in the flare to overcome the descent angle and to arrest yourdescent rate for a smooth touch down.

Timing the flare on a short field landingreally comes down to practice. Flare too late and you'll land hard. Flare tooearly and you can stall early and develop a large sink rate. Neither scenariois good and the best way to avoid either one is to practice and then practicesome more.

不稳定的进近

你的最终进近航迹越稳定着陆就会变得越好。

The more stable your final approach path the more likely you are to make a good landing.

接地

Touchdown

接下来就是所有努力的成果：接地。当接近跑道时，你需要慢慢减小油门杆到慢车。

要记住根据机型不同会有些许不同。如果是一个轻载荷轻型飞机，你需要在接近跑道入口时减小油门杆。如果你的飞机载荷稍重，那么你的油门需要晚一些再收回，以免速度过慢或者无法抵达着陆点。

Next up is the moment when all your hardwork comes together: touchdown. As you approach the runway you want to slowlystart reducing your throttle to idle.

Keep in mind this differs significantlybased on the airplane you fly. If you're flying a lighter airplane with lightwing loading you'll want to start reducing the throttle as you approach therunway threshold. If you're flying a plane with higher wing loading you'llwant to keep the power in a little longer so you don't get too slow or come upshort of your landing point.

当接近着陆点时，持续收油并且开始带杆。你的目标是以最小可控速度接触所选着陆点，速度刚好超过失速速度一点。以失速速度接地，你将获得最小的地速并且得到最短的滑行距离。

As you approach your touchdown point keepreducing power and start flaring. Your goal is to touch down on your point atthe minimum controllable airspeed which is just above stall speed. By touchingdown at stall speed you have the lowest possible ground speed and you'resetting yourself up for the shortest possible ground roll.

滑跑

Rollout

接地后，你需要用最大的空气动力制动。接地后带杆将会加大空气动力制动，并且保持更多的重量在主起落架上。这样使得制动更加有效，因为你可以在轮胎抱死前施加更多的制动压力。

刹车制动要柔和，逐渐增加制动压力来减速。当地速还保持在高的状态时轮胎很容易抱死。保持制动压力直至你认为可以缓慢的进行滑行转弯，然后缓慢的抬起刹车。平缓的使用刹车制动是一个良好着陆滑跑的关键。

Once you touchdown you want to use maximumaerodynamic braking. By pulling back on the yoke when you touch down youincrease your aerodynamic braking and you keep more weight on your main gear.That in turn makes your brakes more effective because you can apply more brakepressure before your wheels lock up.

Be gentle as you apply the brakes thenstart increasing braking pressure to slow down. It's easy to lock up yourwheels when your ground speed is still high and you're wings are producing alot of lift. Keep pressure on the brakes until you know you're slow enough tomake your taxi turnoff then gently start to let up on the brakes. Smoothapplication of your brakes is the key to a good landing rollout.

短跑道降落常见问题

Common Problems With Short Field Landings

短跑道降落需要多加练习才会掌握。在开始练习前有些常见的问题需要考虑：

● 第五边时空速过快，会造成在跑道上漂浮。

● 第五边时过大的下降率，会造成着陆过硬。

●不稳定的进近，在过快或过慢的下降率上反复徘徊，同时在下滑航迹上上下徘徊。

●滑跑刹车过猛，轮胎抱死（没有人喜欢磨平轮胎）

●为了控制接地而前轮着陆过猛（牢记，前轮没有主起落架那样结实）

Short field landings can take some practicebefore you're comfortable with them. Here are some common problem areas you'llwant to think about before you head out and start practicing:

●Too much airspeed on final which causes floating down therunway

●Excessive descent rate on final which can lead to a hardtouchdown

●An unstabilized approach where you oscillate between slow andfast descent rates flying above and below glide path

●Over-braking on rollout and locking up your wheels (nobodylikes flat spots on the tires!)

●Setting the nosewheel down hard instead of controlling itstouchdown (remember your nosewheel isn't nearly as strong as your mains)

下一步...

Take The Next Step...

起飞和降落是飞行过程中留给乘客印象最深的两个阶段。一次好的降落感觉会很好，但难得的是持续良好的起飞和降落。

Takeoffs and landings are the firstand last impressions your passengers take from a flight. Making one greatlanding feels good but making consistently great landings and takeoffs is achallenge.