普利茅斯世界地图上的位置（赫里福德世界地图）

普利茅斯世界地图上的位置（赫里福德世界地图）你知道吗？赫里福德世界地图包含500多个图画，其描绘了420个城镇；15个圣经中的事件；33个涉及植物，动物，鸟类和奇怪动物的图；32片世界里人类的图以及8片来自古典神话里的图。Did you know？The Mappa Mundi contains over 500 drawings depicting 420 cities and towns 15 Biblical events 33 plants animals birds and strange creatures 32 images of the peoples of the world and eight pictures from classical mythology.The inhabited part of the world as it was known then roughly equivalen

Explore Hereford's famous Mappa Mundi & unique medieval treasures.

Mappa Mundi

探究赫里福德著名的世界地图以及（西方）中世纪举世无双的珍宝

Hereford Cathedral is home to the Hereford Mappa Mundi one of the world’s unique medieval treasures. Measuring 1.59 x 1.34 metres (5’2” by 4’4”) the map is constructed on a single sheet of vellum (calf skin). Scholars believe it was made around the year 1300 and shows the history geography and destiny of humanity as it was understood in Christian Europe in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.

The inhabited part of the world as it was known then roughly equivalent to Europe Asia and North Africa is mapped within a Christian framework. Jerusalem is in the centre and East is at the top. East where the sun rises was where medieval Christians looked for the second coming of Christ. The British Isles is at the bottom on the left.

赫里福德大教堂是其世界地图之家，亦是西方中世纪时独特宝贝中的一类。此图尺寸乃1.59米×1.34米。地图由单张犊皮纸构成。学者们相信此世界地图大约成于1300年，并且展示了历史，地理和人类的命运，就如同13世纪晚期和14世纪早期的欧洲基督教信徒所理解的一样。

在当时世界里有人居住的部分实则已被当时人们所知，它相当于欧洲，亚洲和北非，并且皆被纳入及测绘于基督教信徒（对世界认识）的组织架构中。耶路撒冷则位于此地图的中心部分，东部则在地图顶端。东方是旭日东升之地，此处是中世纪基督徒寻觅二次基督再来的地方。在此地图中，不列颠群岛位于底部左边处。

Did you know？The Mappa Mundi contains over 500 drawings depicting 420 cities and towns 15 Biblical events 33 plants animals birds and strange creatures 32 images of the peoples of the world and eight pictures from classical mythology.

你知道吗？赫里福德世界地图包含500多个图画，其描绘了420个城镇；15个圣经中的事件；33个涉及植物，动物，鸟类和奇怪动物的图；32片世界里人类的图以及8片来自古典神话里的图。

圣经故事

Christ in Majesty

Christ sits enthroned in majesty above the world as though surveying all of creation. He holds up his hands to show the wounds of the crucifixion and the spear wound in his side is also visible. On his right the saved rise up out of their coffins and enter the gates of heaven. On his left the damned are stripped bare chained together and dragged towards the gates of hell symbolized by the opened mouth of a great beast.

基督圣像

在地图中，基督凌驾于世界之上，如同眺望所有的创造物一般。其举起双手以显示在受难时产生伤口，并且其身体上的刺伤仍然清晰可见。在其右边，被拯救的亡灵在他门的棺材之外，并且进入通往天堂的大门。在其左边，诅咒是暴露无遗的。它们链接在一起并且将一些亡灵拖入地狱之门，其以张开大口的巨兽来作为一种象征。

Eden

The earthly paradise Eden is represented by a circular island at the eastern extreme of the world (the top). The drawing on the map shows an Eden that is inaccessible to humanity. It is surrounded by a ring of fire separated from the land masses by water walled and battlemented and its gates are firmly closed. Within the wall Eve holds out her hand to take the fruit of the tree of knowledge from a demon-headed serpent who lurks in the branches of the tree.

亚当

天堂伊甸园处的亚当被绘制于一个圈状的岛屿中，其位于地图东方的最顶端（世界的最上方）。所绘之图显示此亚当是不能接近人类的。其身边被一圈烈火所包围，并且与陆块之间被水，围墙和城垛所隔离，大门也是稳固的锁闭着。在墙内，夏娃伸出一只手去采摘树上的果子，此树被人们所知是拥有恶魔头般的蛇潜伏在树枝中。

Noah’s Ark

The Bible tells how angry with the wickedness of humanity God decided to cause a great flood to wipe out mankind. The only man untainted by wickedness and worthy of saving was Noah. So God asked Noah to build a great ship (the ark) to save the animals of the world and his own family. Inside the drawing of the ark we can see a number of beasts and three people including a bearded man who could be Noah.

诺亚方舟

圣经告诉我们，上帝对人类罪恶是如何如此的愤怒以至于决定制造一场大洪灾来毁灭人类。诺亚是唯一一位毫无污点和罪过的人以至于值得被拯救。所以上帝要求诺亚制作一艘方舟去拯救世界上的动物和自己的家庭。我们可以看见在图画中方舟有大量的野兽和3个人，包括一个有胡须的男子，其可能是诺亚。

The Red Sea and the Exodus

On the map there is a clear pathway through the Red Sea. This marks the route of the children of Israel out of slavery in Egypt and towards the ‘Promised Land’. If you follow the meanderings of this route you’ll see where the Israelites got lost in the desert and then finally found their way to the ‘Promised Land’. For medieval Christians this story spoke of passing through the water of Baptism undertaking the journey and wanderings of life and then finally finding salvation.

红海以及（古以色列人）出埃及记

在地图中有一条很清晰的路径横穿红海。此标记出了希伯来人（犹太人）逃出了被埃及奴役并去向乐土的道路。如果你随着这条迂曲的道路，你会发现以色列人在沙漠中迷失的地方，以及最终找到他们通往乐土的道路。对于中世纪的基督徒们，这个故事说到了以水洗礼，艰苦及难当的旅程和人生中流浪，以及最后寻找到救世主的经历。

Babylon and the Tower of Babel

The imposing city of Babylon with its five elaborate storeys is the largest structure on the map. The Bible gives details about Babylon’s impressive size and construction and similar details appear in the text on our map.

As well as representing the city of Babylon the topmost tower of the drawing on the map is labeled ‘Tower of Babel’. The story of the Tower of Babel tells how in their arrogance people sought to build a city with a tower so high that it would reach the sky but God punished this overreaching pride causing humanity to speak in different languages.

巴比伦及其通天塔

壮丽的巴比伦城，其中有一座5层精巧的塔是地图中绘制最大的建筑物。在圣经中给出了一些关于巴比伦客观之规模和建筑物的细节的描述，类似的细节也出现在这张地图的文字标注中。

除了展现巴比伦城之外，图画塔的顶端还标注有“巴比伦塔”的字样。巴比伦塔的故事告诉我们当时的人们是如何如此傲慢以至于试图建造一座含有足够高的，可以通往苍天之塔的城市。然而上帝惩罚这些目空一切的人们，即使得人们遭受到了从此不能说同一种语言的惩罚。

神话传说

Columns of Hercules

According to myth the Columns of Hercules were located at the Strait of Gibraltar and marked the western extreme of the inhabited world. Tradition has it that the words‘nothing further beyond’ were written on the pillars. Roman versions of the myth tell how Hercules with his superhuman strength crashed through Mount Atlas to reach the Garden of Hesperides joining the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. The split rock became known as the Columns of Hercules.

海格拉斯之柱

据神话传说，海格拉斯之柱位于直布罗陀海峡，而且被标定在人类居住世界的最西部。（西方）传统有言“难越其处”即刻于此柱上。此传说在罗马译本中告诉我们，海格拉斯是如何运用他的非凡力量闯过了阿特拉斯山脉以抵达金苹果园，并且贯通地中海和大西洋。分裂出来的两块岩石便是我们所知的海格拉斯之柱。

Golden Fleece

The myth of Jason and the Golden Fleece is a tale of quest adventure and superhuman heroism. Jason and his Argonauts sailed westwards from Greece in their ship the Argo. Their quest was to find and bring back the magical fleece of the Golden Ram. Along the way Jason encountered both love and duplicity but finally brought the fleece back to Greece. On our map the Golden Fleece is shown on the coast of the Black Sea. It is possible that the legend has a connection with the colonisation of the Black Sea coast.

金羊毛

传说詹森和金羊毛是一则关于探索、冒险和非凡英雄主义的故事，詹森和他的阿尔戈英雄使用阿尔戈号船从希腊向西远帆。他们探寻的目的是找到并带回神奇的金色公羊的毛。在探索的路程上，詹森经历了爱与欺骗，但是最终将金羊毛带回了希腊。在此地图中，金羊毛是被标示在黑海沿岸。这则神话传说可能与（古代希腊人在）黑海沿岸一代的殖民有关系。

Labyrinth

In Greek mythology the Cretan labyrinth was built by Daedalus to contain the Minotaur a bull-headed man-eating monster. The myth tells how King Minos pledged to appease the Minotaur’s voracious appetite by regular offerings of seven young men and women but Theseus entered the labyrinth and heroically slayed the monster. In the Middle Ages many cathedrals had a labyrinth set out in the floor paving. Pilgrims would walk the labyrinth as a spiritual pilgrimage and it is likely that this sort of labyrinth would have been known to medieval viewers of the map.

迷宫

在希腊神话传说中，克里特岛的迷宫是由代达罗斯为了克制食人怪物弥诺陶洛斯(牛头人)所建造。传说告诉我们弥诺斯国王是如何保证去使用7个年轻的男人和女人作为定期祭品来满足牛头怪的贪婪。然而特修斯进入了迷宫并且英勇的杀死了这个怪物。在中世纪，许多大教堂拥有一个设置在地面铺设物上的迷宫。朝圣者将会走入迷宫就如同一次崇高的朝圣之旅。这种迷宫很可能在中世纪被此图观测者所熟知。

Camp of Alexander the Great

This splendid edifice is labelled ‘Camp of Alexander the Great’. In the Middle Ages legends abounded about the strange adventures and heroic deeds of Alexander the Great. His conquest of the Persian Empire and domination of the known world was a popular tale. The map has a number of references to his story. As well as this camp of particular note is the restraining wall Alexander is reputed to have built to save the world from the destructive evil of the Sons of Cain.

亚历山大大帝的兵营

地图中这个豪华大厦的旁边标注有“亚历山大大帝之兵营”。在中世纪，传说有大量的关于亚历山大大帝奇异的冒险和丰功伟绩。他对波斯帝国的征服以及对已知世纪的统治是一则很流行的故事。地图中有许多涉及其故事的参考文献。除了这个兵营之外，还特地的记录到管制城墙。亚历山大被认为正是他建造了此墙才将世界从破坏恶魔即该隐之子中拯救出来。

各地兽类

Camel

The map’s camel is a bactrian with two humps. He stands to the south of the Memarnau mountains East of the Amu Darya river and seems to be very pleased with himself! The text on the map reads: ‘Bactria has extremely strong camels that never wear out their feet’. Medieval books of beasts (bestiaries) often included an illustration of a camel and a description of its habits saying things like: ‘they hate horses and only drink muddy water’ or‘they can live for a hundred years’.

骆驼

地图上的骆驼是一种亚洲双峰骆驼，它站立于莫马瑙山脉（？）的南边以及阿姆河的东边。它看上去似乎很自满。图注部分说道“巴克特里亚王国（大夏）有极为强壮的骆驼，其双足永不觉疲乏”。中世纪关于兽类的书籍（中世纪动物寓言集）时常包含对骆驼的说明并描述了其习性，就好比叙述过“他们不喜欢马且只引浑水”或者“他们能活上一百年”之类的话。

Lynx

On our map the lynx prowls along the southern coast of the Black Sea looking backwards over its shoulder. Like many medieval illustrations of lynxes it urinates a precious stone. On the map the stone is reported to be black but some medieval books of beasts (bestiaries) say that this stone is ‘flame coloured and similar to a carbuncle’. When the map was made as now lynxes were understood to have very keen eyesight. The map says: ‘The Lynx sees through walls and urinates a black stone.’

猞猁

猞猁在地图中潜行于黑海南部的沿岸，其头越过肩膀向后望。如同中世纪对猞猁的一些说明（传说）一样，其能尿出一块宝石。在此图中这块石头呈现为黑色，但是中世纪一些关于兽类的书籍（中世纪动物寓言集）则言此石头“有火焰般的颜色且与红榴石相似”。但此图制成后，有一点和人们今日对猞猁的理解是一致的，那就是它拥有十分敏锐的视力。图上注释道“猞猁可以看穿墙体并且尿出一块黑色石头。”

Elephant

Like many other elephants in medieval illustrations this one has a tower. Medieval books of beasts (bestiaries) describe how Indian and Persian soldiers constructed wooden towers on the backs of elephants to use as fighting platforms. The map’s elephant is drawn with long tusks but the text on the map seems to confuse tusks and teeth saying that the elephant’s ‘teeth are believed to be ivory’. Some bestiaries claim that elephants can live for 300 years and are afraid of mice.

大象

如同中世纪时其他（书籍）对大象的描述一样，图中的这只大象背负着一个“塔”（象鞍）。中世纪动物寓言集描述过印度和波斯士兵是如何用木头建造象鞍并放于大象的背部以制作战平台。地图中的象牙被绘制很长，但是图注中似乎混淆了象牙和牙齿，其对此象述道“牙齿即被认为是象牙”。一些中世纪动物寓言集声称大象能活300年并且惧怕老鼠。

Unicorn

In medieval books of beasts (bestiaries) the unicorn is often described as a small but fierce creature that can fight elephants. Despite this ferocity though bestiaries tell how the unicorn could be overcome by an innocent maiden who could calm his wildness so that he laid his head in her lap and became harmless. Some bestiaries link the unicorn to Christ. On our map the unicorn is called a monoceros.

独角兽

在中世纪动物寓言集中，独角兽时常被说成是一个小但是能与大象战斗的凶猛动物。尽管如此，但是中世纪动物寓言集告诉我们独角兽是如何被一位能够使其野蛮得以平静以至于将其将头被安抚于她的膝上，并且变得无攻击性的纯洁少女所克制。一些寓言集还将独角兽和基督联系起来。在地图中此独角兽被称之为“monoceros”（汉译为“麒麟”，但是unicorn和 monoceros在西方同指独角兽，并且西方所知的独角兽与汉人的不同）。

各地怪人

Blemmyes

In the Middle Ages there were many travellers’ tales telling of Blemmyes. The Blemmyes were reported to be a war-like race with no head but with their facial features in their chest. Alexander the Great was thought to have encountered Blemmyes in his campaigns and they are even mentioned in Shakespeare’s Othello. One medieval writer says they are ‘like lawyers who speak through their bellies’! On our map a Blemmye holding a spear and a shield is located in Africa.

无首人（类似《山海经》中的战神“刑天”）

中世纪时有许多旅行家的故事叙述到过无首人。无首人被说成一类没有头的好战民族，然而其面貌却位于胸部。亚历山大大帝被认为在其战役中与无首人有过冲突，而且他们甚至被莎士比亚著作《奥赛罗》中提及。中世纪有个作家叙述道“他们犹如通过肚子说话的律师(?)！”。在此地图中的一个无首人（绘）在非洲，其一手持矛，一手拿盾。

[《山海经·海外西经》云“刑天与帝争神 帝断其首 葬之常羊之山.乃以乳为目 以脐为口 操干戚以舞。”]

Sciapods

In the Middle Ages stories circulated about Sciapods or Monoculi. Sciapods were reported to be a race of people with one very large foot that they used to shield themselves from the sun. Stories also told how these strange people moved extremely quickly on their one leg. On our map there are two Sciapods one in India and another on the extreme southern edge of the inhabited world.

独腿人(类似《山海经》中的“柔利国”)

在中世纪的故事中广泛的流传着独腿人或独眼人（类似《山海经》“一目国”）。独腿人被说成是一类拥有一只十分大的脚且用于保护自己防止被太阳照射的族人。故事同样也告诉我们这些怪人是如何能够利用一只腿极快的移动。在地图中绘制有两个独腿人，一个在印度，一个在世界（有人居住区域）南部边缘上。

[《山海经·海外北经》云“柔利国在一目东，为人一手一足，反膝，曲足居上。一云：留利之国，人足反折。”]

Troglodites

Troglodites or cave-dwellers often featured in medieval illustrations. On the map four Troglodites are drawn in Africa. Three of them are illustrated inside caves (one is eating a snake) while the fourth a bearded man appears to be wearing only a helmet. He rides a goat-like beast. The text on the map says that Troglodites are ‘very swift; they live in caves eat snakes and catch wild animals by jumping on them.’

穴居人

穴居人（cave-dwellers）常在中世纪作特别的讲解。在地图里四个穴居人被绘制于非洲，其中三个被描述在洞穴中（其中一个在食一条蛇），第四个则绘制在洞穴外并被画成一个大胡子的人，其似乎佩戴有头盔，他骑在一个类似山羊的野兽上。图注对穴居人的解说是“行动敏捷，居于洞穴，食蛇并用跳压的方法捕猎。”

Cynocephali (Dog-heads)

Stories about men with the heads of dogs and barking voices are many and varied and go back to classical antiquity. Some medieval travellers and writers describe the Cynocephali as ‘barbarians’ who can be tender one minute but agressive and uncontrolled the next. In one medieval legend from Wales the Cynocephali can be interpreted as werewolfs. In some other legends St Christopher is reported to be a giant with a head like a dog.

狗首人(《山海经》中有“犬戎国”，《胡峤陷北记》有“狗國”)

追溯到古典时代，有关人身狗首并伴有吠叫的传说故事是比较繁多的。一些中世纪旅行家和作家描述狗首人是一类态度只能谦和一会儿但接下便是好斗且无拘束的野蛮人。在中世纪有一则来自威尔士的传说，狗首人能被看成一种狼人。在其他传说中，如圣·克里斯托弗则将其说成是拥有狗头的巨兽。

《契丹国志·卷之二十五·胡峤陷北记》，言：“（韈劫子）又北狗国，人身狗首，长毛不衣，手搏猛兽，语为犬嗷，其妻皆人，能汉语，生男为狗，女为人，自相婚嫁，穴居食生……”。

各地城镇

Hereford

On the map Hereford is pictured as a small indistinct building on the river Wye. It seems to have been almost rubbed off the vellum and some scholars think this might be due to the pointing fingers of Herefordians or pilgrims over the centuries as they located the city. Recent scientific tests on the map’s wooden frame (displayed in the exhibition) suggest that the map was probably made in or near Hereford.

赫里福德

赫里福德在地图上被绘制成一栋位于瓦伊河处小的并有些模糊的建筑。其看似是几乎被擦掉了一层犊皮纸。一些学者认为此可能是因赫里福德人或朝圣者长达几个世纪用手指（地图上）其所在的城市而造成的磨损。近来通过对此图木制框板的科学测试发现此地图可能制作于赫里福德城市附近。

Jerusalem

Jerusalem represented by a circlular battlemented wall enclosing eight towers or gates is the place of the crucifixion and the centre of the map. The book of Ezekiel in the Old Testament of the Bible says: ‘Thus says the Lord God: This is Jerusalem; I have set her in the centre of the nations’ and the Hereford map is just one of a number of medieval maps that show Jerusalem as the centre of the known inhabited world.

耶路撒冷

耶路撒冷以附有八个塔或城门的环状雉堞墙表现于地图中，此城既是地图的中央亦是耶稣受难的地方。在《圣经》旧约的以西结书中说道：“如此说乃主耶和华：这是耶路撒冷；我将其方于众多国家的中心”。赫里福德地图只是一大批中世纪地图中显示耶路撒冷作为已知有人居住世界的中心的一幅。

Rome

Rome is very large on the map and clearly important. It is where St Peter and St Paul were martyred. St Peter was the first Bishop of Rome and popes who came after him were seen as his successors. In the Middle Ages Rome was central to the spread of western Christianity. The text on the map reads: ‘Rome head of the world holds the bridle of the spherical earth.’

罗马

罗马城在此地图中绘制的十分巨大并显得很重要。此处乃圣彼得及圣保罗徇命之地。圣彼得是第一个罗马主教，并且后来的教皇被视为他的接班人。中世纪的罗马是西方基督教的传播中心。图注云：“罗马，世界的领头，把持着地球面上的缰绳。”

Paris

With its multiple towers and pinnacles Paris is the largest and grandest structure in Europe. Its significance can perhaps be explained by its medieval university’s importance for the study of philosophy and theology. Many of the principal medieval theologians and religious leaders worked and studied in Paris including St Thomas Cantilupe bishop of Hereford 1275–1282. Sadly at some time in the past the area around Paris on the map has been badly scratched.

巴黎

凭借着众多楼塔和（哥特式）尖顶，巴黎成为欧洲建筑规模最为宏大的城市。其重要意义或许能被解释为在中世纪大学学习哲学和神学的重要性 。许多中世纪的神学家以及宗教领袖于巴黎工作及学习过，其中就包括1275年至1282年的赫里福德主教圣托马斯坎蒂卢普。可惜的是，曾经在地图的此处一带被严重刮损过。

文献来自于:http://themappamundi.co.uk/index.php