托福背单词最高效的二十种方法，托福单词背累了

托福背单词最高效的二十种方法，托福单词背累了○fish○Pakicetus准备好了吗？Let's go！！Paragraph 3: The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in

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TPO2-2 The Origins of Cetaceans

Paragraph 3: The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features however show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals the mesonychids and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.

5. The word “It” in the passage refers to

○Pakicetus

○fish

○life

○ocean

TPO2-3 Early Cinema

Paragraph 6: With the advent of projection the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public—an experience that the viewer shared with dozens scores and even hundreds of others. At the same time the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.

9. The word “It” in the passage refers to

○The advent of projection

○The viewer's relationship with the image

○A similar machine

○Celluloid

答案：B

解析：

1 题干分析：从题干可清楚可知，本题考查人称代词指代。

2 原文定位：这道题的答案并不是紧接着it的位置，而是在段落开头提到的the viewer’s relationship

3 原文语法与词汇解析

语法解析：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句区别

原句：With the advent of projection the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid.

限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧凑，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如：

Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.

洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。

非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点"，"隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句或句中某个成分进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。 例如：

The old man has a son who is in the army.

那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。

此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是："这位老人只有一个儿子" 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句："The old man has a son who is in the army. "那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了："这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作"，也就是说可能老人还有其他的儿子在干别的工作

词汇解析

advent 到来

Peepshow n.西洋镜

Kinetoscope n.活动电影放映机

Mutoscope n.早期电影放映机

Successive Adj.连续的

Image n.图像，影像

Photographic Adj. 摄影的

celluloid n.胶片

4 选项分析：在代词和其指代的内容之间加入了一个很长的句子内容，用来解释说明这种关系原先很私人的时候的状态。如果对其进行简化则应该是with the advent of projection the viewer’s relationship with the image was no longer private. It suddenly became public.这样就很容易知道it指代的是the viewer’s relationship with the image.这道题目就是典型的我们“要化繁为简，抓本质”。

TPO9-3 The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii

Paragraph 4: Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Island were born from the sea) another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological invention. The seed has an outer coating that surrounds the genetic material of the new plant and inside this covering is a concentrated supply of nutrients. Thus the speed's chances of survival are greatly enhanced over those of the naked spore. One type of seed-bearing plant the angiosperm includes all forms of blooming vegetation. In the angiosperm the seeds are wrapped in an additional layer of covering. Some of these coats are hard-like the shell of a nut-for extra protection. Some are soft and tempting like a peach or a cherry. In some angiosperm the seeds are equipped with gossamer wings like the dandelion and milkweed seeds. These new characteristics offered better ways for the seeds to move to new habitats. They could travel through the air float in water and lie dormant for many months.

7. The word This in the passage refers to

○the spread of ferns and mosses in Hawaii

○the creation of the Hawaiian Islands

○the evolution of ferns

○the development of plants that produce seeds

答案：D

解析：指代题。原句译为这是一个奇妙的生物发明，this is a invention 所以指代物，查找This 前一句的主语为 another kind of flora 并且说它evolved (进化)，不能简单地去对应C选项的evolution 因为冒号后的内容解释主语，说它是一个有种子的植物，因此直接选择对应的D选项。

A选项ferns and mosses 的传播在前句未提及。

B选项是括号中的信息，是一个补充的时间状语，不是前句强调对象。

C选项是ferns的进化 在前一句未提及。

TPO11-1 Ancient Egyptian Sculpture

Paragraph 2: The majority of three-dimensional representations whether standing seated or kneeling exhibit what is called frontality: they face straight ahead neither twisting nor turning. When such statues are viewed in isolation out of their original context and without knowledge of their function it is easy to criticize them for their rigid attitudes that remained unchanged for three thousand years. Frontality is however directly related to the functions of Egyptian statuary and the contexts in which the statues were set up. Statues were created not for their decorative effect but to play a primary role in the cults of the gods the king and the dead. They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions. Thus it made sense to show the statue looking ahead at what was happening in front of it so that the living performer of the ritual could interact with the divine or deceased recipient. Very often such statues were enclosed in rectangular shrines or wall niches whose only opening was at the front making it natural for the statue to display frontality. Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting for instance in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons or in pillared courts where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.

7. The word “they” in the passage refers to

○ statues

○ gateways

○ temples

○ pillared courts

答案：A

解析：指代题。they所在的语句为：Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting for instance in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons or in pillared courts where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.

其中Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting为主句部分；for instance…in pillared courts为插入语，对前面的architectural setting举例子；where引导的定语从句。主句的主语为Other statues所以从句依附于主句，因此指代的是statues原句意思为：有些雕塑也被放置在建筑环境中，比如塔门（神殿通道入口的纪念碑）的正前方，或在有支柱的院子里；在这些建筑环境中，这些雕塑会被放在支柱对面或者两柱之间——正是这种正面展示方式让这些雕塑都与周围的建筑环境相得益彰。

TPO22-2 The Birth of Photography

Paragraph 4: The two processes produced very different results. The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute unselective detail and could not be duplicated. The calotype could be made in series and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.

3.The phrase "Its general effect" in the passage refers to

O the camera lens

O the calotype

O the etching

O the engraving

答案：B

解析：指代题。Its为代词，指代前面的句子里面的主语the calotype。

错误选项分析：

A：Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.（其整体的效果是边缘和色调模糊）。

C和D选项是并列选择，所以两个选项都不能选。正确答案：B

答案解析：

指代题。Its为代词，指代前面的句子里面的主语the calotype。

错误选项分析：

A：Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.（其整体的效果是边缘和色调模糊）。

C和D选项是并列选择，所以两个选项都不能选。

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