中文sci难还是英文难(经济学人文艺某些语言更难学的真正原因)
中文sci难还是英文难(经济学人文艺某些语言更难学的真正原因)某些语言更难学的真正原因网页版标题:The real reasons some languages are harder to learn英文部分选自经济学人20210508期文艺板块Some languages are harder to learn than others—but not for the obvious reasons有些语言学习难于其他语言,但原因并非显而易见。
01 导读感谢思维导图作者 Summer,女,QE在职,梦想能仗翻译/音乐 /健康走天涯
翻译审校漫谈
Diamond 男,搬砖工,理工科永久脑损伤,学习翻译的小学生
02 听力|精读|翻译|词组Tongue-twisters
绕口令
英文部分选自经济学人20210508期文艺板块
Some languages are harder to learn than others—but not for the obvious reasons
有些语言学习难于其他语言,但原因并非显而易见。
网页版标题:
The real reasons some languages are harder to learn
某些语言更难学的真正原因
They slice up the messy reality of life differently from your own
一些语言以截然不同的方式剖分着纷繁复杂的现实生活
① WHEN CONSIDERING which foreign languages to study some people shy away from those that use a different alphabet. Those random-looking squiggles seem to symbolise the impenetrability of the language the difficulty of the task ahead.
在考虑学习哪门外语时,有人会避开那些使用另一种字母表的语言。那些看上去如同“涂鸦”的字母似乎象征着这门语言难以理解,学习起来十分艰难。
So it can be surprising to hear devotees of Russian say the alphabet is the easiest part of the job. The Cyrillic script like the Roman one has its origins in the Greek alphabet. As a result some letters look the same and are used near identically. Others look the same but have different pronunciations like the P in Cyrillic which stands for an r-sound. For Russian that cuts the task down to only about 20 entirely new characters. These can comfortably be learned in a week and soon mastered to the point that they present little trouble. An alphabet in other words is just an alphabet. A few tricks aside (such as the occasional omission of vowels) other versions do what the Roman one does: represent sounds.
因此,听到俄语爱好者说字母表是俄语学习中最容易的部分时,你可能会感到惊讶。西里尔字母和罗马字母一样,都源于希腊字母。结果就是一些字母不仅看起来一样,用法也基本一致。也有一些字母看起来一样,但发音截然不同,比如西里尔字母中的p发的是r的音。这也意味着,要学习俄语只需掌握约20个全新的字母,一周内就可轻松学会、熟练掌握。换句话说,字母表就只是字母表。抛开一些特殊规则不论(比如偶尔省略元音),其他的字母表和罗马字母表一样,都是表示发音。
- 西里尔字母,也译作基里尔字母、西瑞尔字母,又称斯拉夫字母,是通行于斯拉夫语族部分民族中的字母书写系统。2011年时在欧亚大陆约有二亿五千万人的国家语言是以西里尔字母为标准文字,是除了拉丁字母和阿拉伯字母后世界第三多人使用的拼音文字系统,其中有半数在前苏联疆域范围内。
- 罗马字母:拉丁字母的别称。
Foreign languages really become hard when they have features that do not appear in your own—things you never imagined you would have to learn. Which is another way of saying that languages slice up the messy reality of experience in strikingly different ways.
如果某些外语具备你的母语所不具备的特征,那么学习起来将尤为困难,而你从未想过你得学习这些特征。也就是说,不同的语言剖分纷繁复杂的现实经历的方式也截然不同。
This is easily illustrated with concrete vocabulary. Sometimes the meanings of foreign words and their English equivalents overlap but don’t match exactly. Danish for instance does not have a word for “wood”; it just uses “tree” (trae). Or consider colours which lie on a spectrum that different languages segment differently. In Japanese ao traditionally refers to both green and blue. Some green items are covered by a different word midori but ao applies to some vegetables and green traffic lights (which to make matters more confusing are slightly blueish in Japan). As a result ao is rather tricky to wield.
这一点用具体的词汇就很容易说明。有时外语单词和对应的英语单词的意思部分重叠,但不完全吻合。例如,丹麦语中没有“木头”(wood)一词 而只使用“树”(trae)一词。再说说颜色,不同语言片段划分的颜色光谱也有所差异。在日语中,“ao”通常指既指绿色、又指蓝色。有些绿色的物体要用另一个词“midori”描述,而“ao”则适用于形容青菜和绿灯(更令人迷惑的是,在日本,绿色交通信号灯还略带一点蓝色)。因此,“ao”的使用相当棘手。
Life becomes tougher still when other languages make distinctions that yours ignores. Russian splits blue into light (goluboi) and dark (sinii); foreigners can be baffled by what to call say a mid-blue pair of jeans. Plenty of other “basic” English words are similarly broken down in their foreign corollaries. “Wall” and “corner” seem like simple concepts until you learn languages that sensibly distinguish between a city’s walls and a bedroom’s (German Mauer versusWand) interior corners and street corners (Spanish rincón andesquina) and so on.
如果外语区分了某些概念,而你的母语却没有区分,学习起来将难上加难。俄语中的蓝色分为浅蓝(goluboi)和深蓝(sinii);所以如果想要用俄语来描述一条“中度蓝色”的牛仔裤,外国人可能会感到困惑。许多其他“基本”的英语单词在对应的外语单词中也存在类似的拆分。“墙”和“角落”的概念似乎并不难,而直到你学了其他语种中显著区分城市墙壁和卧室墙壁(德语“Mauer”和“Wand”)、室内角落和街角(西班牙语“rinón”和“esquina”)等等情况之后,你才会明白事实并非如此。
These problems are tractable on their own; you don’t often have to refer to a corner in casual conversation. But when other languages make structural distinctions missing from your native tongue—often in the operation of verbs—the mental effort seems never-ending. English has verbs-of-all-work that seem straightforward enough until you try to translate them. In languages like German “put” is divided into verbs that signify hanging laying something flat and placing something tall and thin. “Go” in Russian is a nightmare with a suite of verbs distinguishing walking and travelling by vehicle one-way and round trips single and repeated journeys and other niceties. You can specify all these things in English if you want to; the difference is that in Russian you must.
这些问题本身不难处理;闲聊时,你不会经常提到某一个角落。但是,当其他语言当中出现你的母语没有的结构性区别时(常见于动词的使用),那你可要时刻不停地动脑子了。英语中的万能动词都似乎足够直截了当,直到你尝试翻译这些词的时候,你才会发现不是这么一回事。在德语等语言中,英语的动词“put”可以细分为数个不同的动词,来表示悬挂、平放扁平的物品和放置长而薄的物品等等意思;英语的“Go”在俄语中更是一场噩梦,俄语有一套动词来区分步行、乘车旅行、单程旅行、往返旅行、单次旅行、重复旅行,还有其他进一步细分的旅行。如果你想这样细化,英语中也能实现;不同之处在于,在俄语中你必须这么说。
- “put” is divided into verbs that signify hanging laying something flat and placing something tall and thin. 这句话大家不理解 德语中像“put"一样的词可以用作这样的动词有哪些呢,又为什么德语偏偏会有这样的单词呢?经过和懂德语的老师、同学探讨,我们明白,德语里面,比较关注的是放置的东西和它所在的平面的关系。在德语中有一些这样的单词,比如stellen.stellen这个词本身是悬挂、放置的意思,它所加的宾语都是扁平类的长而薄、竖高的物品比如盘子。另一个例子是liegen 这个单词和stellen不同的是,liegen更多的是平放。而且有的时候要把竖着的物体放倒(比如把竖着的背包放倒)而它同样也可以接一些扁平、长而薄的物品做宾语比如杂志。
Sometimes verb systems force choices on speakers not only for individual verbs but for all of them. Many English-speakers are familiar with languages such as French and Italian which have two different past tenses for completed actions and for habitual or continued ones. But verb systems get much more exotic than that.
有时,动词系统不仅强迫说话者对个别动词、而且对所有动词进行选择。许多说英语的人都熟悉法语和意大利语等语言,都有两种不同的过去时态,分别用来表示已完成的动作和习惯性或持续性的动作。但是,动词系统比这要奇特得多。
“Evidential” languages require a verb ending that shows how the speaker knows that the statement made is true. Turkish is one of them; others such as a cluster in the Amazon have particularly complex—and obligatory—evidentiality rules. Many languages mark subjects and direct objects of sentences in distinct ways. But in Basque subjects of intransitive verbs (those that take no direct object) look like direct objects themselves while subjects of transitive verbs get a special form. If Martin catches sight of Diego Basques say the equivalent of “Martinek sees Diego.”
“言据性”(evidential)语言要求有动词词尾,表示说话者如何得知所作陈述真实可信。土耳其语就属于言据性语言;其他的,比如亚马逊河流域的一个语言群,言据规则特别复杂且必须执行。许多语言标记句子主语和直接宾语的方式完全不同。但在巴斯克语中,不及物动词的主语(不接直接宾语)本身看起来就像直接宾语,而及物动词的主语则有一种特殊的形式。如果说“Martin看到了Diego”,巴斯克人就会说成“Martinek看到了Diego”。
- 言据性(evidentiality)指信息的来源(言之有据)及说话者对该信息来源可靠程度的评价(言之有信)。任何语言对言据性都具有编码能力,而负载这类意义的语言单位被称为“言据性成分(evidential)”。言据性能够帮助说话者更好地利用词汇手段和语法手段表达语言意义,表明说话者对信息真实性的承诺,使听话者能够更加准确地把握说话者的语用意图及命题态度。
In the end the “hard” languages to learn are not those that do what your own language does in a new way. They are the ones that make you constantly pay attention to distinctions in the world that yours blithely passes over. It is a bit like a personal trainer putting you through entirely new exercises. You might have thought yourself fit before but the next day you will wake up sore in muscles you never knew you had.
最后,“难”学的语言“难学”之处并非在于你的母语所不熟悉的新形式,而在于让你不断关注世界(语言)的不同,发现你的母语未曾考虑过的区别。这有点像私人教练让你进行全新的训练。训练之前你可能认为自己已经挺健康的了,但第二天醒来时,你肌肉酸痛,而你之前从来都不知道自己还有这些肌肉。
翻译组:
Cathy,春都MTIer 专业翻译爱好者
Mia,女,期待快点毕业的MTIer 有志从事翻译的小文青
Diamond,男,搬砖工,理工科永久脑损伤,学习翻译的小学生
校核组:
Jeremy,男,在北京,喜欢睡觉
奥莉,女,撸猫狂魔,强迫症患者
Nikolae,新手人民教师,声优探索者,乃木坂47与AKB49
03 观点|评论|思考本周感想
Very 男,电气民工,经济学人资浅爱好者
我是初中开始接触英语的,初一才开始学的字母,那时候大部分都是这样子的,可能有极少数的家庭会提早接触,但是并不会很纠结应试能力,口语、阅读、写作等等如此细致的划分。
记得我第一次听说外国的人名字要倒着念还是从那个小学就开始学英语的表姐那里,她故作神秘地告诉我,其实我的名字不叫张伟,应该叫伟张。我很诧异,尽管之前在许多小说中读到过外国人的名字,但也居然没意识到自己的名字出国了反而应该倒着念。那是向同学们炫耀这么一个道听途书的常识,并耻笑他们连这点都不知道是最开心的一件事了。
但这种高兴是短暂的,我初中的英语并不好,准确说是初二的英语不好,因为我不喜欢背诵,无论是语文还是英语,都是很抵值这件事,刚开始学时,由于背诵内容不多,自然还行,但初二后背诵的多起来了,考的又往往是书上的,自然英语成绩就一直上不去,我印象很深的是课本上一只名叫Polly鸟,那时候我穷尽脑汁想自己搞明白这个词是什么意思而不得。
这种情况的完全扭转却是在高二以后,班上换来一个年级略大的英语老师,打扮时髦,老公又是下海经商的老板,于是每次寒假或者暑假结束开学后最大的盼头,就是这位英语老师讲她又去欧洲或者美洲的那个国家玩了,第一次在书本以外对外面世界有所真切感受还得拜她所赐。
人真是一种神奇的动物,一路走来,对于语言的认识,感受竟然会慢慢改变,而且这种改变都是潜移默化的,有时强加给我的反而有抗拒心理,故意反其道而行之。但有一点,语言的学习,无论是本国的还是外国的,我觉得都与生活体验和经历有关,身边处的是什么人,看的是什么书,都会影响到自己语言的掌控。我觉得会好几国语言的人很酷,尤其是会好几国口语、切换自如的,真心是一种羡慕不已的目标,不仅仅是表面上的风光,更重要的是会好几种口语后,如果是自发式地说出,那脑子里是如何思考的呢?都是母语吗?我很好奇这点,尽管我看过许多书来介绍这点,但是我还是想自己去体验一下,感受一下,这大概是人生中最神奇的感受和经历之一了吧。
我喜欢讨论语言,为什么在这个语言中是这样表达的,那个语言却又是那样,我想探究背后的文化逻辑,但我不喜欢做数据分析,生生硬硬,变得毫无生气,就像机器一般,语言大概是属于人类的最后一块未被科学攻破处女地了,可能已经千疮百孔,但是我还是喜欢这种讨论语言与文化千丝万缕的关系。这让我看起来更像是真正的人,而不是冷冰冰的机器。
04 愿景打造 独立思考 | 国际视野 | 英文学习 小组
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