英美文学基础教程电子版（英美外刊原著研习社）
英美文学基础教程电子版（英美外刊原著研习社）Our modern belief that spouses should love one another is just one of many perspectives with which different cultures have viewed the experience of love (Hunt 1959). Over the ages attitudes toward love have varied on at least fourdimensions:爱的简史《亲密关系》双语泛读又与大家见面了，这次译文与原文差异较大，Summer尽量给出了“神不知鬼不觉”的补充翻译，希望大家喜欢！另外“枪支管制”的资料链接小编已经发至该篇的留言区域，欢迎查阅、分享哦！A BRIEF HISTORY OF LOVE
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英美外刊原著研习社：亲密关系之爱的简史
来源：英美外刊原著研习社
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《亲密关系》双语泛读又与大家见面了，这次译文与原文差异较大，Summer尽量给出了“神不知鬼不觉”的补充翻译，希望大家喜欢！
另外“枪支管制”的资料链接小编已经发至该篇的留言区域，欢迎查阅、分享哦！
A BRIEF HISTORY OF LOVE
爱的简史
Our modern belief that spouses should love one another is just one of many perspectives with which different cultures have viewed the experience of love (Hunt 1959). Over the ages attitudes toward love have varied on at least fourdimensions:
认为配偶应该彼此相爱这一现代人所信奉的的观点只是不同文化看待爱情体验的诸多观点中的一个 (Hunt 1959)。许多年来，对爱情的态度至少在四个方面有所变化：
• Cultural value. Is love a desirable or undesirable state?
• Sexuality. Should love be sexual or nonsexual?
• Sexual orientation. Should love involve heterosexual or same-sex partners?
• Marital status. Should we love our spouses or is love reserved for others?
• 文化价值：爱情是人们所想要的还是不想要的状态?
• 性爱：爱情应该是还是不是性爱？
• 性取向：爱情应该发生在同性还是异性伴侣之间？
• 婚姻状态：我们应该爱配偶，还是将爱留给别人？
Different societies have drawn upon these dimensions to create some strikinglydifferent patterns of what love is or should be.In ancient Greece for instance passionate attraction to another person was considered a form of madness that had nothing to do with marriage or family life. Instead the Greeks admired platonic love the nonsexual adoration of a beloved person that was epitomized by love between two men.
不同的社会基于这四个方面而产生出有关爱是什么及应该是什么的非常不同的模式。
比如在古希腊，被另一个人充满激情地吸引被认为是一种疯狂，与婚姻和家庭生活没有任何关系。相反，希腊人崇尚柏拉图式的爱情，那是体现在两个男子之间的非性的爱。
In ancient Egypt people of royal blood often married their siblings and in ancient Rome “the purpose of marriage was to produce children makefavorable alliances and establish a bloodline... it was hoped that husband and wife would be friends and get on amiably. Happiness was not part of the deal nor was pleasure. Sex was for creating babies” (Ackerman 1994 p. 37).
在古埃及，皇室血统经常与其手足结婚。而在古罗马“婚姻的目的是繁衍后代、结成联盟、建立血脉...人们希望夫妻可以成为朋友并且友好相处。幸福与欢愉并不是婚姻交易的一部分。性爱是为了生小孩” (Ackerman 1994 p. 37)。
Heterosexual love took on more positive connotations in the concept of “courtlylove” in the twelfth century. Courtly love required knights to seek love as a noble quest diligently devoting themselves to a lady of high social standing. It was veryidealistic very elegant and—at least in theory—nonsexual. It was alsoexplicitly adulterous. In courtly love the male partner was expected to be unmarried and the female partner married to someone else!
异性的爱在12世纪以“优雅之爱 (courtly love)”的概念出现，有着更为积极的内涵。高贵的爱需要骑士将寻求爱作为一种高贵的追求，孜孜以求地将自己献身给一位贵妇的爱情。它非常地理想化，非常高雅——至少在理论上——与性无关。它明显地又是私通的。在优雅之爱中，通常男方未婚而女方则嫁给了别人！
In the Middle Ages marriage continued to have nothing to do with romance; in contrast it was a deadly serious matter of politics and property. Indeed passionate erotic desire for someone was thought to be “dangerous a trapdoorleading to hell which was not even to be condoned between husband and wife”(Ackerman 1994 p. 46)。
在中世纪，人们并不期待婚姻是浪漫的；相比之下，它完全关乎政治和财产。实际上，对他人激情、情色的欲望被看作是“通向地狱的危险的暗门，哪怕在夫妻之间也是不能容忍的” (Ackerman 1994 p. 46)。
Over the next 500 years people came to believe that passionate love could be desirable and ennobling but that it was usually doomed. Either the lovers would be prevented from being with each other (often because they were married to other people) or death would overtake one or the other (or both) before their love could be fulfilled.
在以后的500年中，人们开始相信充满激情的爱是理想而高贵的，但常常注定要失败。要么一对情侣被阻挠不能在一起（常因为他们已经与别人结婚），或者在两人的爱情完成之前一方或双方被死亡攫走。
It was not until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that Europeans especially the English began to believe that romantic passion couldoccasionally result in a happy ending. Still the notion that one ought to feel passion and romance for one’s husband or wife was not a widespread idea; indeed in the late 1700s defenders of “traditional marriage” were generallyhorrified by the emergence of love as a reason for marriage (Coontz 2013).
一直到17和18世纪，欧洲人，特别是英国人才开始相信浪漫的激情偶尔会导致一个“幸福的结局”。然而，一个人应该从丈夫或妻子那里感受到激情和浪漫这一想法并不普遍。事实上，在18世纪后期，“传统婚姻”的捍卫者通常对爱作为结婚理由的出现而感到震惊 (Coontz 2013)。
Even now the assumption that romantic love should be linked to marriage is held only in some regions of the world (Merali 2012). Nevertheless you probably do think love and marriage go together. Why should your beliefs be different from those of most people throughout history? Why has the acceptance of andenthusiasm for marrying for love been most complete in North America (Hatfield & Rapson 2008)? Probably because of America’s individualism and economic prosperity (which allow most young adults to live away from home and choose their own marital partners) and its lack of a caste system or ruling class.
既是在现在，浪漫的爱情与婚姻相联的设想也仅仅通行于世界个别地区 (Merali 2012)。不过，作为本书的读者，你可能会认为爱情与婚姻是在一起的。你的观念为什么与整个历史中的大多数的看法不同呢？为什么北美人对为爱而结婚的想法的接纳程度和热情最为完全？也许是由于北美的个人主义和经济繁荣（这使得多数的青年能够独立生活并选择自己的婚姻伴侣），以及没有种姓制度或统治阶级。
The notion that individuals (instead of families) should choose marriage partners because of emotional attachments (not economic concerns) makes more sense to Americans than it does to many other peoples of the world. In most regions of the world the idea that a young adult should leave home fall in love decide to marry and then bring the beloved home to meet the family seems completely absurd(Buunk et al. 2010). This is slowly changing as technology and socioeconomic development spread around the world (Allendorf 2013) but for now the marital practices of North Americans strike most folks as odd.
个人（而不是家庭）由于感情的原因（而不是经济考虑）而选择婚姻伴侣的这一想法对美国人比对世界上其他许多人更有意义。在世界上大多数地方，一个年轻人应该离开家，坠入爱河，决定结婚，然后带着心爱的人去见家人的想法似乎非常荒谬 (Buunk et al. 2010)。随着技术和社会经济发展在全世界蔓延，这种情况正在缓慢变化 (Allendorf 2013)，但就目前而言，北美人的婚姻习俗使大多数人感到奇怪。
In any case let’s consider all the different views of love we just encountered:
• Love is doomed.
• Love is madness.
• Love is a noble quest.
• Love need not involve sex.
• Love and marriage go together.
• Love can be happy and fulfilling.
• Love has little to do with marriage.
• The best love occurs among people of the same sex.
无论是哪种情况，让我们考虑一下我们所碰到的所有关于爱情的不同观点：
• 爱注定失败。
• 爱是一种疯狂。
• 爱是高贵的征服。
• 爱不需要有性接触。
• 爱情与婚姻同在。
• 爱情会是幸福和满足的。
• 爱与婚姻几乎没有关系。
• 最好的爱发生在同性之间。
Some of these distinctions simply reflect ordinary cultural and historical variations (Eastwick 2013). However these different views may also reflect an important fact: There may be diverse forms of love.
以上的这些区分体现了普遍的文化和历史变迁 (Eastwick 2013)。不过，这些不同的观点也反映了一个重要的事实：爱的形式有多种多样。
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