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胡适翻译特点(拜伦哀悼希腊胡适如何翻译)

胡适翻译特点(拜伦哀悼希腊胡适如何翻译)I could not deem myself a slave.For standing on the Persians' graveAnd Marathon looks on the sea;And musing there an hour aloneI dream'd that Greece might still be free;

胡适翻译特点(拜伦哀悼希腊胡适如何翻译)(1)

拜伦 1788-1824

公元前五世纪末,来自中亚的波斯人征服了西亚,与希腊人起了摩擦。公元前490年,因不满希腊人对小亚细亚事务的干预,波斯人兵发希腊半岛。一支由雅典人率领的希腊联军据守位于半岛东南角的马拉松,挫败了波斯人的进攻,是为马拉松战役。

两千年后,公元十五世纪中期,由东而来的土耳其人征服了希腊,使之成为奥斯曼帝国的一部分。文艺复兴运动中,西方人认希腊文化为自己的鼻祖,对希腊多有推崇,而后来大英帝国的扩张也引发了对抗奥斯曼帝国的运动。到了十九世纪初叶,许多欧洲人积极鼓动希腊人争取独立,这其中的积极分子之一就是英国诗人拜伦。拜伦天生病足,不利于行,但他生性浪漫,众多兴趣之一就是希腊的独立事业。他乘船奔赴东欧,参加希腊独立革命,最终病死在那里。拜伦写有“The Isles of Greece”,记录他凭吊马拉松战场,伤感于希腊被奥斯曼帝国征服,其中咏唱道:

The mountains look on Marathon –

And Marathon looks on the sea;

And musing there an hour alone

I dream'd that Greece might still be free;

For standing on the Persians' grave

I could not deem myself a slave.

二十世纪初,中国文人胡适感慨中华的衰落,曾将拜伦的这首诗翻译成《哀希腊》。其中上面给出的几句读作:

马拉顿后兮山高,

马拉顿前兮海号。

哀时词客独来游兮,

犹梦希腊终自主也;

指波斯京观以为正兮,

吾安能奴僇以终古也!

胡适那时将Marathon译做“玛拉顿”,即后人口中的“马拉松”。“京观”一词见于《左传》,指敌人坟墓,胡适先生摆古。拜伦说,看着当年波斯人的坟墓,觉得怎么也不能再做奴隶。

胡适翻译拜伦原诗时用了些中国典故,从现代观点来讲,不一定适当,但反映出清末民初知识分子古文化的底子不错,上面的“京观”是一例。又比如,拜伦在其诗歌的第一节里写到“Delos”和“Phoebus”,前者是太阳神阿波罗的故里,后者是太阳神的另一名称,胡适分别用“羲和”与“素娥”代替。羲和是中国古代神话中的太阳女神,素娥则是月宫仙女。

第二节里的“Scian”和“Teian”指希腊的两个岛子,分别是古诗人荷马和阿克那里翁的家乡,后者的名字胡适翻译为“阿难”。

第七节,“Thermopylae”,这是斯巴达三百士兵战死的山口,胡适翻译为“瘦马披离之关”,是音译和意译的结合,马瘦而又凌乱,是悲壮的意思吧。不过,斯巴达人好像打仗不骑马?后来有人把此地意译为“温泉关”。

第九节,“Leave battles to the Turkish hordes”,拜伦从波斯人转到土耳其人,写到了自己的时代,十八十九世纪,那时西方正与东方的土耳其奥斯曼帝国争。“Bacchanal”是酒神巴克斯的狂欢节,胡适译做“贝凯之舞”。

第十节,“Pyrrhic dance”,古希腊战舞,来源于某希腊城邦首脑Pyrrhus。胡适翻译为“霹雳之舞”。“You have the Pyrrhic dance as yet / Where is the Pyrrhic phalanx gone?” - “你们的霹雳之舞犹在 / 但不见了曾经威武的战阵?” 这意思近乎杜牧的“商女不知亡国恨,隔江犹唱后庭花”。后面的“Cadmus”是希腊神话人物,据说教会了希腊人写字。拜伦在这里说,如果Cadmus还活着,应该会为希腊人感到羞耻,觉得希腊人不足教也。

第十二节,“the Chersonese”指达达尼尔海峡岸边的加里波利半岛。 “Miltiades”,胡适译做“米尔低”,这位雅典将军曾经是加里波利半岛上的暴君,但他参加了抵抗波斯人的起义,拜伦因之原谅他独裁的罪过。胡适翻译:“诚能再造我家邦兮,虽暴主其何伤?”胡先生说,如果能抗外敌而御侮,是个暴君又如何?大概出于这种思想,中国的抗日战争中,胡适先生服从坚持抗战的蒋介石的领导。

第十三节,“Heraceidan”,希腊神祗赫拉克勒斯的后代,胡适译做“陀离之民族”。

第十四节,这里拜伦斥骂法兰克人和拉丁人为不可靠的奥援,希腊要独立只能依靠自己。

第十五节,拜伦赞美希腊少女,叹息这样的美女却要哺育注定成为奴隶的儿女。拜伦大概是蓝眼珠或绿眼珠,他留意到希腊美女的黑眼珠,大加赞美。这一点胡适的译文没有反映出来,只说“眼波兮盈盈,一顾兮倾城”。不过,“对彼美兮,泪下不能已兮 / 子兮子兮,胡为生儿为奴婢兮!” 已够惨痛。

第十六节,拜伦哀痛地说,“让我唱毕此歌,如天鹅一般死去”。胡适把天鹅之死翻译成“鸿鹄之逍遥”,似乎未能尽达原意。

西方观念中,东西与西方的对立的历史悠久,可以追溯到两千五百年前的希腊与波斯之争,贯穿后来的中世纪和近现代。拜伦跨时空诅咒波斯和土耳其,推崇希腊,是一个例证。二十世纪学者萨义德的《东方主义》一书对此现象多所抨击。到了我们所在的二十一世纪,这个历史悠久的观念又有新的表现。

对于二十世纪初年的中国人来说,拜伦的哀希腊有非常不同的内涵。那时中国受西方列强凌虐,面临灭亡危险,所以希腊抵御波斯帝国这样的史实能够引起当时国人的共鸣。胡适翻译拜伦的《哀希腊》,寓意中的侵略者是西方列强,而中国则是救亡图存的希腊 -- “奴隶之国非吾土兮,—碎此杯以自矢!”

拜伦原诗及胡适汉译:

Isles of Greece - 哀希腊

The isles of Greece the Isles of Greece!

Where burning Sappho loved and sung

Where grew the arts of war and peace

Where Delos rose and Phoebus sprung!

Eternal summer gilds them yet

But all except their sun is set.

嗟汝希腊之群岛兮,实文教武术之所肇始。

诗媛沙浮尝咏歌于斯兮,亦羲和素娥之故里。

今惟长夏之骄阳兮,纷灿烂其如初。

我徘徊以忧伤兮,哀旧烈之无余!

The Scian and the Teian muse

The hero's harp the lover's lute

Have found the fame your shores refuse;

Their place of birth alone is mute

To sounds which echo further west

Than your sires' 'Islands of the Blest.'

悠悠兮,我何所思?荷马兮阿难。

慷慨兮歌英雄,缠绵兮叙幽欢。

享盛名于万代兮,独岑寂于斯土;

大声起乎仙岛之西兮,何此邦之无语。

The mountains look on Marathon —

And Marathon looks on the sea;

And musing there an hour alone

I dream'd that Greece might still be free;

For standing on the Persians' grave

I could not deem myself a slave.

马拉顿后兮山高,马拉顿前兮海号。

哀时词客独来游兮,犹梦希腊终自主也;

指波斯京观以为正兮,吾安能奴以终古也!

A king sate on the rocky brow

Which looks o'er sea-born Salamis;

And ships by thousands lay below

And men in nations; — all were his!

He counted them at break of day —

And when the sun set where were they?

彼高崖何巉岩兮,俯视沙拉米之滨;

有名王尝踞坐其巅兮,临大海而点兵。

千樯兮照海,列舰兮百里。

朝点兵兮,何纷纷兮,

日之入兮,无复存兮!

And where are they? and where art thou

My country? On thy voiceless shore

The heroic lay is tuneless now —

The heroic bosom beats no more!

And must thy lyre so long divine

Degenerate into hands like mine?

故国兮,汝魂何之?

侠子之歌,久销歇兮,

英雄之血,难再热兮,

古诗人兮,高且洁兮;

琴荒瑟老,臣精竭兮。

'Tis something in the dearth of fame

Though link'd among a fetter'd race

To feel at least a patriot's shame

Even as I sing suffuse my face;

For what is left the poet here?

For Greeks a blush — for Greece a tear.

虽举族今奴虏兮,岂无遗风之犹在?

吾慨慷以悲歌兮,耿忧国之磊。

吾惟余赪颜为希人羞兮,吾惟有泪为希腊洒。

Must we but weep o'er days more blest?

Must we but blush? — Our fathers bled.

Earth! render back from out thy breast

A remnant of our Spartan dead!

Of the three hundred grant but three

To make a new Thermopylae!

徒愧赧曾何益兮,嗟雪涕之计拙;

独不念我先人兮,为自由而流血?

吾欲诉天阍兮,还我斯巴达之三百英魂兮!

尚令百一存兮,以再造我瘦马披离之关兮!

What silent still? and silent all?

Ah! no; — the voices of the dead

Sound like a distant torrent's fall

And answer 'Let one living head

But one arise — we come we come!'

'Tis but the living who are dumb.

沉沉希腊,犹无声兮;惟闻鬼语,作潮鸣兮。

鬼曰:“但令生者一人起兮,吾曹虽死,终阴相尔兮!”

呜咽兮鬼歌,生者之喑兮奈鬼何!

In vain — in vain: strike other chords;

Fill high the cup with Samian wine!

Leave battles to the Turkish hordes

And shed the blood of Scio's vine!

Hark! rising to the ignoble call —

How answers each bold Bacchanal!

吾哓哓兮终徒然!已矣兮何言!

且为君兮弹别曲,注美酒兮盈尊!

姑坐视突厥之跋扈兮,听其宰割吾胞与兮,

君不闻门外之箫鼓兮,且赴此贝凯之舞兮!

You have the Pyrrhic dance as yet

Where is the Pyrrhic phalanx gone?

Of two such lessons why forget

The nobler and the manlier one?

You have the letters Cadmus gave —

Think ye he meant them for a slave?

汝犹能霹雳之舞兮,霹雳之阵今何许兮?

舞之靡靡犹不可忘兮,奈何独忘阵之堂堂兮?

独不念先人佉摩之书兮,宁以遗汝庸奴兮?

Fill high the bowl with Samian wine!

We will not think of themes like these!

It made Anacreon's song divine:

He served — but served Polycrates —

A tyrant; but our masters then

Were still at least our countrymen.

怀古兮徒烦冤,注美酒兮盈尊!

一醉兮百忧泯!阿难醉兮歌有神。

阿难盖代诗人兮,信尝事暴君兮;

虽暴君兮,犹吾同种之人兮。

The tyrant of the Chersonese

Was freedom's best and bravest friend;

That tyrant was Miltiades!

O! that the present hour would lend

Another despot of the kind!

Such chains as his were sure to bind.

吾所思兮,米尔低兮,

武且休兮,保我自由兮。

吾抚昔而涕淋浪兮,遗风谁其嗣昌?

诚能再造我家邦兮,虽暴主其何伤?

Fill high the bowl with Samian wine!

On Suli's rock and Parga's shore

Exists the remnant of a line

Such as the Doric mothers bore;

And there perhaps some seed is sown

The Heracleidan blood might own.

注美酒兮盈杯,悠悠兮吾怀!

汤汤兮白阶之岸,崔巍兮修里之崖,

吾陀离之民族兮,实肇生于其间;

或犹有自由之种兮,历百劫而未残。

Trust not for freedom to the Franks —

They have a king who buys and sells;

In native swords and native ranks

The only hope of courage dwells;

But Turkish force and Latin fraud

Would break your shield however broad.

法兰之人,乌可托兮,

其王贪狡,水可度兮。

所可托兮,希腊之刀;

所可任兮,希腊之豪。

突厥慓兮,拉丁狡兮,

虽吾盾之坚兮,吾何以自全兮?

Fill high the bowl with Samian wine!

Our virgins dance beneath the shade —

I see their glorious black eyes shine;

But gazing on each glowing maid

My own the burning tear-drop laves

To think such breasts must suckle slaves

注美酒兮盈杯!美人舞兮低徊!

眼波兮盈盈,一顾兮倾城;

对彼美兮,泪下不能已兮;

子兮子兮,胡为生儿为奴婢兮!

Place me on Sunium's marbled steep

Where nothing save the waves and I

May hear our mutual murmurs sweep;

There swan-like let me sing and die:

A land of slaves shall ne'er be mine —

Dash down yon cup of Samian wine!

置我乎须宁之岩兮,狎波涛而与为伍;

且行吟以悲啸兮,惟潮声与对语;

如鸿鹄之逍遥兮,吾将于是老死:

奴隶之国非吾土兮,—碎此杯以自矢!

胡适翻译特点(拜伦哀悼希腊胡适如何翻译)(2)

希腊海岸

胡适翻译特点(拜伦哀悼希腊胡适如何翻译)(3)

胡适,1891-1962

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