python图形界面编写教程：基于python win32setpixel api
python图形界面编写教程：基于python win32setpixel apiCopymaps = [[0 for x in range(0 400)] for x in range(0 400)] for i in range(200 300): maps[i][200] = 1 maps[200][i] = 1 maps[i][300] = 1 maps[300][i] = 1 for i in range(230 270): maps[i][230] = 1 maps[i][270] = 1 maps[230][i] = 1 maps[270][i] = 1 # 扫描填充maps def scan_fill(): seed = (271 296) stack = [] stack.append(seed) while len(stack) > 0:
最近读研期间上了计算机可视化的课，老师也对计算机图形学的实现布置了相关的作业。虽然我没有系统地学过图形可视化的课，但是我之前逆向过一些游戏引擎，除了保护驱动之外，因为要做透视，接触过一些计算机图形学的基础常识。这次的作业主要分为2个主要模块，一个是实现画线，画圆的算法，还有填充的算法，以及裁剪的算法。
之前工作的时候虽然参与过一些数据可视化大屏的设计，但是当时主要的工作使用Echarts或者G2做业务组件开发，并没有对画线，填充，裁剪等基础算法做过实现。这次就着这个机会我就想了解一些。实现的效果如下(动图加载可能有些慢)：
选择win32的原因是我想做一些与众不同的实现方法，比起用D3或者Echarts这种webGL的实现方式，我更想直接在显示器上画出图像，看起来更极客一些。这也导致了录屏软件没办法捕捉，只能用手机来录制
为什么不选C 而选择python#主要是python能对内存做个管理，C 直接调这种底层的接口会把内存搞坏掉，导致电脑变得特别卡。。不信大家可以在电脑上编译运行这段代码2分钟试一试，如果你电脑没炸，算你有钱。。
Copy#include <windows.h>
// g a.cpp -o a.exe -lgdi32 && a.exe
void bresenham(int x0 int y0 int x1 int y1){
int dx = abs(x1-x0);
int dy = abs(y1-y0);
int sx = x0<x1 ? 1 : -1;
int sy = y0<y1 ? 1 : -1;
int err = dx-dy;
int e2;
while(1){
SetPixel(GetDC(0) x0 y0 RGB(255 0 0));
if(x0==x1 && y0==y1) break;
e2 = 2*err;
if(e2>-dy){
err = err-dy;
x0 = x0 sx;
}
if(e2<dx){
err = err dx;
y0 = y0 sy;
}
}
}
void draw_polygon(int x[] int y[] int n)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < n - 1; i )
bresenham(x[i] y[i] x[i 1] y[i 1]);
bresenham(x[n - 1] y[n - 1] x[0] y[0]);
}
int main()
{
HDC hdc = GetDC(0);
int x[4] = {100 200 300 100};
int y[4] = {100 100 200 200};
while (1)
{
draw_polygon(x y 4);
ReleaseDC(0 hdc);
}
return 0;
}
画线#
对于画线部分，我这里使用了一个叫bresenham算法。。虽然我念不出名字，但是这个算法能够帮助我们实现画线运算，还有后面的中心圆填充，多边形绘画等方法。而且不通过浮点数的运算，直接变成整数运算，算法实现的函数如下所示，看起来比较简单，运行速度也很快。
Copydef bresenham(x0 y0 x1 y1 color):
dx = abs(x1 - x0)
dy = abs(y1 - y0)
sx = 1 if x0 < x1 else -1
sy = 1 if y0 < y1 else -1
err = dx - dy
while True:
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x0 y0 color)
if x0 == x1 and y0 == y1:
break
e2 = 2 * err
if e2 > -dy:
err -= dy
x0 = sx
if e2 < dx:
err = dx
y0 = sy
我的屏幕分辨率是1920x1080的，只要在电脑里调用这个函数，把两个点的坐标填进去，就可以在显示器屏幕上画一条线。
中心圆算法#这个中心圆算法相对来说就比画线的算法在理解上面难很多，但是实现起来更简单一些，分成8个关于直线的和坐标轴对称的区域画圆，因此知道一个就可以画出其他几个，下面是实现过程。
Copydef draw_circle(x y r):
x0 = 0
y0 = r
d = 3 - 2 * r
while x0 <= y0:
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x x0 y y0 0xffffff)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x y0 y x0 0xffffff)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x - y0 y x0 0xffffff)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x - x0 y y0 0xffffff)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x - x0 y - y0 0xffffff)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x - y0 y - x0 0xffffff)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x y0 y - x0 0xffffff)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x x0 y - y0 0xffffff)
if d < 0:
d = 4 * x0 6
else:
d = 4 * (x0 - y0) 10
y0 -= 1
x0 = 1
在中心圆填充这里，可以取个巧，把几个顶点直接用画线的算法一行一行填充上去。就可以实现下面的效果。代码如下
Copy# 画实心圆
def draw_circle_fill(x0 y0 r):
x = 0
y = r
d = 3 - 2 * r
while x <= y:
time.sleep(0.01)
bresenham(x0 x y0 y x0 - x y0 y)
time.sleep(0.01)
bresenham(x0 x y0 - y x0 - x y0 - y)
time.sleep(0.01)
bresenham(x0 y y0 x x0 - y y0 x)
time.sleep(0.01)
bresenham(x0 y y0 - x x0 - y y0 - x)
if d < 0:
d = 4 * x 6
else:
d = 4 * (x - y) 10
y -= 1
x = 1
扫描线填充#
扫描线填充的算法就比较难实现了，需要找到起始的种子，还有每行的种子，因为我这里仅仅用顶点实现起来过于复杂，就索性偷懒用了数组。下面的算法实现部分仅供参考，具体的实现包括种子的选择等等，可以更好一些。
Copymaps = [[0 for x in range(0 400)] for x in range(0 400)]
for i in range(200 300):
maps[i][200] = 1
maps[200][i] = 1
maps[i][300] = 1
maps[300][i] = 1
for i in range(230 270):
maps[i][230] = 1
maps[i][270] = 1
maps[230][i] = 1
maps[270][i] = 1
# 扫描填充maps
def scan_fill():
seed = (271 296)
stack = []
stack.append(seed)
while len(stack) > 0:
(x y) = stack.pop()
# 如果已经被填充过，则跳过
if(maps[x][y] == 1):
continue
# 横向填充并记录lx rx
i=0
time.sleep(0.01)
while(maps[x i][y] == 0):
maps[x i][y] = 1
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x i y 0xffffff)
i = 1
rx = x i-1
i=1
while(maps[x-i][y] == 0):
maps[x-i][y] = 1
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x-i y 0xffffff)
i =1
lx = x-i 1
# 下一个种子
if y 1>=300:
continue
i=0
while(maps[lx i][y 1] == 0):
if(maps[lx i 1][y 1]==1):
stack.append((lx i y 1))
break
i =1
i=0
while(maps[rx-i][y 1] == 0):
if(maps[rx-i-1][y 1]==1):
stack.append((rx-i y 1))
break
i =1
if y-1<=0:
continue
i=0
while(maps[lx i][y-1] == 0):
if(maps[lx i 1][y-1]==1):
stack.append((lx i y-1))
break
i =1
i=0
while(maps[rx-i][y-1] == 0):
if(maps[rx-i-1][y-1]==1):
stack.append((rx-i y-1))
break
i =1
scan_fill()
上面的代码都是剪切过的，完整的代码如下所示，运行后大家就可以在显示器上看到运行过程：
Copyimport time
import win32gui
dc = win32gui.GetDC(0)
maps = [[0 for x in range(0 400)] for x in range(0 400)]
for i in range(200 300):
maps[i][200] = 1
maps[200][i] = 1
maps[i][300] = 1
maps[300][i] = 1
for i in range(230 270):
maps[i][230] = 1
maps[i][270] = 1
maps[230][i] = 1
maps[270][i] = 1
# 中点算法画圆
def draw_circle(x y r):
x0 = 0
y0 = r
d = 3 - 2 * r
while x0 <= y0:
time.sleep(0.01)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x x0 y y0 0xffffff)
time.sleep(0.01)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x y0 y x0 0xffffff)
time.sleep(0.01)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x - y0 y x0 0xffffff)
time.sleep(0.01)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x - x0 y y0 0xffffff)
time.sleep(0.01)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x - x0 y - y0 0xffffff)
time.sleep(0.01)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x - y0 y - x0 0xffffff)
time.sleep(0.01)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x y0 y - x0 0xffffff)
time.sleep(0.01)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x x0 y - y0 0xffffff)
if d < 0:
d = 4 * x0 6
else:
d = 4 * (x0 - y0) 10
y0 -= 1
x0 = 1
# 画线
def bresenham(x0 y0 x1 y1):
dx = abs(x1 - x0)
dy = abs(y1 - y0)
sx = 1 if x0 < x1 else -1
sy = 1 if y0 < y1 else -1
err = dx - dy
while True:
#time.sleep(0.01)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x0 y0 0xffffff)
if x0 == x1 and y0 == y1:
break
e2 = 2 * err
if e2 > -dy:
err -= dy
x0 = sx
if e2 < dx:
err = dx
y0 = sy
# 画实心圆
def draw_circle_fill(x0 y0 r):
x = 0
y = r
d = 3 - 2 * r
while x <= y:
time.sleep(0.01)
bresenham(x0 x y0 y x0 - x y0 y)
time.sleep(0.01)
bresenham(x0 x y0 - y x0 - x y0 - y)
time.sleep(0.01)
bresenham(x0 y y0 x x0 - y y0 x)
time.sleep(0.01)
bresenham(x0 y y0 - x x0 - y y0 - x)
if d < 0:
d = 4 * x 6
else:
d = 4 * (x - y) 10
y -= 1
x = 1
# 画多边形
def draw_polygon(points):
for i in range(len(points)):
x0 = points[i][0]
y0 = points[i][1]
x1 = points[(i 1) % len(points)][0]
y1 = points[(i 1) % len(points)][1]
bresenham(x0 y0 x1 y1)
# 画椭圆
def draw_ellipse(x0 y0 a b):
x = 0
y = b
a2 = a * a
b2 = b * b
d = b2 - a2 * b a2 / 4
while b2 * x <= a2 * y:
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x0 x y0 y 0xffffff)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x0 - x y0 y 0xffffff)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x0 x y0 - y 0xffffff)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x0 - x y0 - y 0xffffff)
if d < 0:
d = b2 * (2 * x 3)
else:
d = b2 * (2 * x - 2 * y 5)
y -= 1
x = 1
d1 = b2 * (x 0.5) * (x 0.5) a2 * (y - 1) * (y - 1) - a2 * b2
while y >= 0:
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x0 x y0 y 0xffffff)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x0 - x y0 y 0xffffff)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x0 x y0 - y 0xffffff)
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x0 - x y0 - y 0xffffff)
if d1 > 0:
d1 -= a2 * (2 * y - 1)
d1 = b2 * (2 * x 3)
x = 1
y -= 1
# 画矩形
def draw_rectangle(x0 y0 x1 y1):
bresenham(x0 y0 x1 y0)
bresenham(x1 y0 x1 y1)
bresenham(x1 y1 x0 y1)
bresenham(x0 y1 x0 y0)
# 扫描填充maps
def scan_fill():
seed = (271 296)
stack = []
stack.append(seed)
while len(stack) > 0:
(x y) = stack.pop()
# 如果已经被填充过，则跳过
if(maps[x][y] == 1):
continue
# 横向填充并记录lx rx
i=0
time.sleep(0.01)
while(maps[x i][y] == 0):
maps[x i][y] = 1
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x i y 0xffffff)
i = 1
rx = x i-1
i=1
while(maps[x-i][y] == 0):
maps[x-i][y] = 1
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x-i y 0xffffff)
i =1
lx = x-i 1
# 下一个种子
if y 1>=300:
continue
i=0
while(maps[lx i][y 1] == 0):
if(maps[lx i 1][y 1]==1):
stack.append((lx i y 1))
break
i =1
i=0
while(maps[rx-i][y 1] == 0):
if(maps[rx-i-1][y 1]==1):
stack.append((rx-i y 1))
break
i =1
if y-1<=0:
continue
i=0
while(maps[lx i][y-1] == 0):
if(maps[lx i 1][y-1]==1):
stack.append((lx i y-1))
break
i =1
i=0
while(maps[rx-i][y-1] == 0):
if(maps[rx-i-1][y-1]==1):
stack.append((rx-i y-1))
break
i =1
scan_fill()
while True:
# 画线
bresenham(400 900 1000 700)
# 填充圆
draw_circle_fill(900 500 100)
# 中心圆
draw_circle(1000 200 100)
# 椭圆
draw_ellipse(1500 200 100 100)
# 矩形
draw_rectangle(1100 400 1200 500)
# 多边形
draw_polygon([(900 1000) (800 800) (1000 900) (1100 1000)])
#三角形
draw_polygon([(400 200) (500 300) (600 200)])
裁剪#
裁剪这里简直就是我的噩梦，因为我之前为了极客选择了仅仅知道顶点就画出裁剪过的多边形，导致我没有数组，只能设计更极客的算法。
最后我找到了一种裁剪凸多边形的办法，大致就是找到每个线段的交点，然后顺时针方向对交点和在主多边形，副多边形的顶点排序，最后就可以实现裁剪。代码超级复杂，
Copyimport win32gui
import math
import pygame
dc = win32gui.GetDC(0)
# 获取鼠标的位置
mouse_x=win32gui.GetCursorPos()[0]
mouse_y=win32gui.GetCursorPos()[1]
temp = win32gui.GetCursorPos()
def get_mouse_pos():
global mouse_x mouse_y
mouse_x = win32gui.GetCursorPos()[0]
mouse_y = win32gui.GetCursorPos()[1]
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
temp2 = []
def bresenham(x0 y0 x1 y1 color):
dx = abs(x1 - x0)
dy = abs(y1 - y0)
sx = 1 if x0 < x1 else -1
sy = 1 if y0 < y1 else -1
err = dx - dy
while True:
win32gui.SetPixel(dc x0 y0 color)
if x0 == x1 and y0 == y1:
break
e2 = 2 * err
if e2 > -dy:
err -= dy
x0 = sx
if e2 < dx:
err = dx
y0 = sy
def draw_rectangle(x0 y0 x1 y1):
bresenham(x0 y0 x1 y0 0xffffff)
bresenham(x1 y0 x1 y1 0xffffff)
bresenham(x1 y1 x0 y1 0xffffff)
bresenham(x0 y1 x0 y0 0xffffff)
def draw_polygon(points):
for i in range(len(points)):
x0 = points[i][0]
y0 = points[i][1]
x1 = points[(i 1) % len(points)][0]
y1 = points[(i 1) % len(points)][1]
bresenham(x0 y0 x1 y1 0x00ff00)
def draw_polygon_black(points):
for i in range(len(points)):
x0 = points[i][0]
y0 = points[i][1]
x1 = points[(i 1) % len(points)][0]
y1 = points[(i 1) % len(points)][1]
bresenham(x0 y0 x1 y1 0x000000)
# 线段是否相交
def IsRectCross(p1x p1y p2x p2y q1x q1y q2x q2y):
return min(p1x p2x) <= max(q1x q2x) and min(q1x q2x) <= max(p1x p2x) and min(p1y p2y) <= max(q1y q2y) and min(q1y q2y) <= max(p1y p2y)
def IsLineSegmentCross(pFirst1x pFirst1y pFirst2x pFirst2y pSecond1x pSecond1y pSecond2x pSecond2y):
line1 = pFirst1x * (pSecond1y - pFirst2y) pFirst2x * (pFirst1y - pSecond1y) pSecond1x * (pFirst2y - pFirst1y)
line2 = pFirst1x * (pSecond2y - pFirst2y) pFirst2x * (pFirst1y - pSecond2y) pSecond2x * (pFirst2y - pFirst1y)
if (((line1 ^ line2) >= 0) and not (line1 == 0 and line2 == 0)):
return False
line1 = pSecond1x * (pFirst1y - pSecond2y) pSecond2x * (pSecond1y - pFirst1y) pFirst1x * (pSecond2y - pSecond1y)
line2 = pSecond1x * (pFirst2y - pSecond2y) pSecond2x * (pSecond1y - pFirst2y) pFirst2x * (pSecond2y - pSecond1y)
if (((line1 ^ line2) >= 0) and not (line1 == 0 and line2 == 0)):
return False
return True
def GetCrossPoint(p1x p1y p2x p2y q1x q1y q2x q2y):
if(IsRectCross(p1x p1y p2x p2y q1x q1y q2x q2y)):
if (IsLineSegmentCross(p1x p1y p2x p2y q1x q1y q2x q2y)):
tmpLeft = (q2x - q1x) * (p1y - p2y) - (p2x - p1x) * (q1y - q2y)
tmpRight = (p1y - q1y) * (p2x - p1x) * (q2x - q1x) q1x * (q2y - q1y) * (p2x - p1x) - p1x * (p2y - p1y) * (q2x - q1x)
if (tmpLeft == 0):
return None
x = (int)(tmpRight/tmpLeft)
tmpLeft = (p1x - p2x) * (q2y - q1y) - (p2y - p1y) * (q1x - q2x)
tmpRight = p2y * (p1x - p2x) * (q2y - q1y) (q2x- p2x) * (q2y - q1y) * (p1y - p2y) - q2y * (q1x - q2x) * (p2y - p1y)
if (tmpLeft == 0):
return None
y = (int)(tmpRight/tmpLeft)
return (x y)
else:
return None
else:
return None
def draw_rectangle_black(x0 y0 x1 y1):
bresenham(x0 y0 x1 y0 0x000000)
bresenham(x1 y0 x1 y1 0x000000)
bresenham(x1 y1 x0 y1 0x000000)
bresenham(x0 y1 x0 y0 0x000000)
# 判断点是否在多边形内
def IsPointInPolygon(points x y):
nCross = 0
for i in range(len(points)):
p1x = points[i][0]
p1y = points[i][1]
p2x = points[(i 1) % len(points)][0]
p2y = points[(i 1) % len(points)][1]
if (y > min(p1y p2y)):
if (y <= max(p1y p2y)):
if (x <= max(p1x p2x)):
if (p1y != p2y):
xinters = (y - p1y) * (p2x - p1x) / (p2y - p1y) p1x
if (p1x == p2x or x <= xinters):
nCross = 1
if (nCross % 2 == 0):
return False
else:
return True
def getNonRepeatList(data):
new_data = []
for i in range(len(data)):
if data[i] not in new_data:
new_data.append(data[i])
return new_data
# 判断两多边形重叠部分 返回一个多边形
def IsPolygonCross(points1 points2):
result = []
for i in range(len(points1)):
p1x = points1[i][0]
p1y = points1[i][1]
p2x = points1[(i 1) % len(points1)][0]
p2y = points1[(i 1) % len(points1)][1]
for j in range(len(points2)):
q1x = points2[j][0]
q1y = points2[j][1]
q2x = points2[(j 1) % len(points2)][0]
q2y = points2[(j 1) % len(points2)][1]
if (IsPointInPolygon(points1 q1x q1y) and (q1x q1y) not in result):
result.append((q1x q1y))
if (IsPointInPolygon(points1 q2x q2y) and (q2x q2y) not in result):
result.append((q2x q2y))
if (IsPointInPolygon(points2 p1x p1y) and (p1x p1y) not in result):
result.append((p1x p1y))
if (IsPointInPolygon(points2 p2x p2y) and (p2x p2y) not in result):
result.append((p2x p2y))
if (IsRectCross(p1x p1y p2x p2y q1x q1y q2x q2y)):
if GetCrossPoint(p1x p1y p2x p2y q1x q1y q2x q2y) != None:
(x y) = GetCrossPoint(p1x p1y p2x p2y q1x q1y q2x q2y)
result.append((x y))
if (result == []):
return result
return (sort_points_in_clockwise_order(result))
w = 60
h = 100
def draw_polygon_red(points):
for i in range(len(points)):
x0 = points[i][0]
y0 = points[i][1]
x1 = points[(i 1) % len(points)][0]
y1 = points[(i 1) % len(points)][1]
bresenham(x0 y0 x1 y1 0xff0000)
def sort_points_in_clockwise_order(points):
center = (0 0)
for point in points:
center = (center[0] point[0] center[1] point[1])
center = (center[0] / len(points) center[1] / len(points))
points_copy = list(points)
points_copy.sort(key=lambda point: math.atan2(point[0] - center[0] point[1] - center[1]))
res = []
for i in points_copy:
res.append((i[0] 500 i[1]))
return res
polygon_Points = [(600 500) (800 500) (900 600) (900 400) (600 300)]
while True:
draw_rectangle_black(temp[0] temp[1] temp[0] w temp[1] h)
draw_rectangle(mouse_x mouse_y mouse_x w mouse_y h)
temp = (mouse_x mouse_y)
get_mouse_pos()
draw_polygon(polygon_Points)
res = IsPolygonCross(polygon_Points [(mouse_x mouse_y) (mouse_x w mouse_y) (mouse_x w mouse_y h) (mouse_x mouse_y h)])
print(res)
if temp2 != []:
draw_polygon_black(temp2)
if res != [] and res != None:
draw_polygon_red(res)
temp2 = res
clock.tick(120)# 60帧
计算机图形学并没有我之前想的那么好学，踩了很多坑，也补了很多知识。希望后面能再接再厉
