18年电子科技杂志目录：科学20220715出版一周论文导读
18年电子科技杂志目录：科学20220715出版一周论文导读https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm1018▲ 链接：Spacecraft sample collection and subsurface excavation of asteroid (101955) Bennu航天器对小行星（101955）“本努”进行样本采集和地下挖掘▲ 作者：D. S. LAURETTA C. D. ADAM A. J. ALLEN R.-L. BALLOUZ O. S. BARNOUIN K. J. BECKER ET AL.
编译｜未玖
Science 15 JUL 2022 VOL 377 ISSUE 6603
《科学》2022年7月15日，第377卷，6603期
天文学Astronomy
Spacecraft sample collection and subsurface excavation of asteroid (101955) Bennu
航天器对小行星（101955）“本努”进行样本采集和地下挖掘
▲ 作者：D. S. LAURETTA C. D. ADAM A. J. ALLEN R.-L. BALLOUZ O. S. BARNOUIN K. J. BECKER ET AL.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm1018
▲ 摘要：
碳质小行星，如（101955）“本努”，保存着太阳系早期的物质，包括挥发性化合物和有机分子。
研究组报道了从“本努”的表面采集样本期间及之后收集的航天器成像和光谱数据。采样活动将砾石和灰尘搅成一股碎屑流，挖掘出一个9米长的椭圆形陨石坑。
比原始表面相比，暴露出来的物质颜色更暗，光谱更红，细颗粒物含量更丰富。挖出来的地下物质体积密度为500-700 kg/m3，约为整个小行星体积密度的一半。
落在仪器光学元件上的颗粒在光谱上类似于水蚀变的碳质陨石。最终航天器储存了250±101克材料，并将于2023年运回地球。
▲ Abstract：
Carbonaceous asteroids such as (101955) Bennu preserve material from the early Solar System including volatile compounds and organic molecules. We report spacecraft imaging and spectral data collected during and after retrieval of a sample from Bennu’s surface. The sampling event mobilized rocks and dust into a debris plume excavating a 9-meter-long elliptical crater. This exposed material is darker spectrally redder and more abundant in fine particulates than the original surface. The bulk density of the displaced subsurface material was 500 to 700 kilograms per cubic meter which is about half that of the whole asteroid. Particulates that landed on instrument optics spectrally resemble aqueously altered carbonaceous meteorites. The spacecraft stored 250 ± 101 grams of material which will be delivered to Earth in 2023.
Krypton in the Chassigny meteorite shows Mars accreted chondritic volatiles before nebular gases
“Chassigny”陨石中的氪表明，火星球粒陨石挥发物的吸积先于星云气体
▲ 作者：SANDRINE PéRON AND SUJOY MUKHOPADHYAY
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abk1175
▲ 摘要：
挥发性元素被认为是在太阳系类地行星形成后期，通过球粒陨石的吸积被输送到太阳系类地行星中。火星可以提供太阳系内部早期行星形成阶段挥发性物质输送的信息。
研究组测量了代表火星内部的火星陨石“Chassigny”中的氪同位素。他们确定了球粒陨石氪同位素比值，这意味着球粒陨石较早吸积挥发物。
火星大气有着不同的（太阳星云）氪同位素比率，这表明它不是岩浆海洋放气或内部挥发物分馏的产物。相反，大气中的氪源于地幔形成之后、星云耗散之前太阳星云气体的吸积。
该观察结果与普遍假设相矛盾，即在行星形成过程中，球粒陨石挥发物输送发生在太阳气体吸积之后。
▲ Abstract：
Volatile elements are thought to have been delivered to Solar System terrestrial planets late in their formation through accretion of chondritic meteorites. Mars can provide information on inner Solar System volatile delivery during the earliest planet formation stages. We measured krypton isotopes in the martian meteorite Chassigny representative of the planet’s interior. We found chondritic krypton isotope ratios which imply early incorporation of chondritic volatiles. The atmosphere of Mars has different (solar-type) krypton isotope ratios indicating that it is not a product of magma ocean outgassing or fractionation of interior volatiles. Atmospheric krypton instead originates from accretion of solar nebula gas after formation of the mantle but before nebular dissipation. Our observations contradict the common hypothesis that during planet formation chondritic volatile delivery occurred after solar gas acquisition.
物理学Physics
Thermalization dynamics of a gAuge theory on a quantum simulator
量子模拟器上规范场论的热化动力学
▲ 作者：ZHAO-YU ZHOU GUO-XIAN SU JAD C. HALIMEH ROBERT OTT HUI SUN PHILIPP HAUKE ET AL.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl6277
▲ 摘要：
规范场论形成了现代物理学的基础，其应用范围从基本粒子物理学、早期宇宙学到凝聚态物质系统。
研究组对U（1）对称规范场论的酉动力学进行了量子模拟，并证明了涌现的不可逆行为。高约束规范场论动力学编码在一维玻色-哈伯德模拟器中，通过动态规范场耦合费米子物质场。
研究组通过热系综探讨了全局量子猝灭和近似稳态的平衡。该工作或有助于研究难以捉摸的现象，如施温格对产生和弦断裂，并为在量子合成物质器件上模拟更复杂、更高维规范场论奠定了基础。
▲ Abstract：
Gauge theories form the foundation of modern physics with applications ranging from elementary particle physics and early-universe cosmology to condensed matter systems. We perform quantum simulations of the unitary dynamics of a U(1) symmetric gauge field theory and demonstrate emergent irreversible behavior. The highly constrained gauge theory dynamics are encoded in a one-dimensional Bose-Hubbard simulator which couples fermionic matter fields through dynamical gauge fields. We investigated global quantum quenches and the equilibration to a steady state well approximated by a thermal ensemble. Our work may enable the investigation of elusive phenomena such as Schwinger pair production and string breaking and paves the way for simulating more complex higher-dimensional gauge theories on quantum synthetic matter devices.
Visualizing Eigen/Zundel cations and their interconversion in monolayer water on metal surfaces
本征/曾德尔阳离子及其在金属表面单层水中的相互转化可视化
▲ 作者：YE TIAN JIANI HONG DUANYUN CAO SIFAN YOU YIZHI SONG BOWEI CHENG ET AL.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo0823
▲ 摘要：
固体表面水合质子的性质在电化学、质子通道和氢燃料电池中至关重要，但由于缺乏原子尺度的表征，目前性质尚不明确。
研究组在超高真空下使用基于低温qPlus的原子力显微镜直接观察了Au（111）和Pt（111）表面上氢键水网络中的本征型和曾德尔型水合质子。
他们发现本征阳离子自组装成具有局域有序的单层结构，而曾德尔阳离子形成由核量子效应稳定的长程有序结构。两个本征阳离子可以结合成一个曾德尔阳离子，同时质子转移到表面。
此外，研究组还发现在Pt（111）上曾德尔构型优于本征构型，而在Au（111）上则不存在这种偏倚。
▲ Abstract：
The nature of hydrated proton on solid surfaces is of vital importance in electrochemistry proton channels and hydrogen fuel cells but remains unclear because of the lack of atomic-scale characterization. We directly visualized Eigen- and Zundel-type hydrated protons within the hydrogen bonding water network on Au(111) and Pt(111) surfaces using cryogenic qPlus-based atomic force microscopy under ultrahigh vacuum. We found that the Eigen cations self-assembled into monolayer structures with local order and the Zundel cations formed long-range ordered structures stabilized by nuclear quantum effects. Two Eigen cations could combine into one Zundel cation accompanied with a simultaneous proton transfer to the surface. Moreover we revealed that the Zundel configuration was preferred over the Eigen on Pt(111) and such a preference was absent on Au(111).
材料科学Materials Science
Efficient and stable perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells through contact displacement by MgFx
MgFx接触位移实现高效稳定的钙钛矿-硅串联太阳能电池
▲ 作者：JIANG LIU MICHELE DE BASTIANI ERKAN AYDIN GEORGE T. HARRISON YAJUN GAO RAKESH R. PRADHAN ET AL.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn8910
▲ 摘要：
反极性（p-i-n）钙钛矿太阳能电池的性能仍然受到电子提取界面复合的限制，这也降低了p-i-n钙钛矿-硅串联太阳能电池的功率转换效率（PCE）。
钙钛矿/C60界面处厚约1 nm的MgFx夹层可通过热蒸发很好地调节钙钛矿层的表面能，从而助力有效的电子提取，并从钙钛矿表面置换C60，以减轻非辐射复合。
这些效应使面积约1 cm2的单片钙钛矿-硅串联太阳能电池的开路电压达到1.92伏，填充因子提高到80.7%，独立认证的稳定PCE达到29.3%。
在超过1000小时的湿热试验（85℃，85%相对湿度）中，该串联电池保持了约95%的初始性能。
▲ Abstract：
The performance of perovskite solar cells with inverted polarity (p-i-n) is still limited by recombination at their electron extraction interface which also lowers the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of p-i-n perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells. A MgFx interlayer with thickness of ~1 nanometer at the perovskite/C60 interface favorably adjusts the surface energy of the perovskite layer through thermal evaporation which facilitates efficient electron extraction and displaces C60 from the perovskite surface to mitigate nonradiative recombination. These effects enable a champion open-circuit voltage of 1.92 volts an improved fill factor of 80.7% and an independently certified stabilized PCE of 29.3% for a monolithic perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell ~1 square centimeter in area. The tandem retained ~95% of its initial performance after damp-heat testing (85°C at 85% relative humidity) for >1000 hours.
Accelerated aging of all-inorganic interface-stabilized perovskite solar cells
全无机界面稳定钙钛矿太阳能电池的加速老化试验
▲ 作者：XIAOMING ZHAO TIANRAN LIU QUINN C. BURLINGAME TIANJUN LIU RUDOLPH HOLLEYIII GUANGMING CHENG ET AL.
▲ 链接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn5679
▲ 摘要：
为了了解钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）的降解途径并提高其稳定性，需要进行加速老化试验。研究组使用高温（高达110℃）来量化封装的CsPbII3 PSCs在恒定光照下的加速降解。
在钙钛矿活性层和空穴传输层之间引入二维（2D）Cs2PbI2Cl2覆盖层可以稳定界面，同时将全无机PSCs的功率转换效率从14.9%提高到17.4%。具有该2D覆盖层的器件在35℃下不会降解，且需要在110℃和恒定光照条件下超过2100小时才能降解其初始效率的20%。
基于观察到的阿累尼乌斯温度依赖性的降解加速因子，研究组预测该PSCs在35℃下连续工作的固有寿命为51000±7000小时（>5年）。
▲ Abstract：
To understand degradation routes and improve the stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) accelerated aging tests are needed. Here we use elevated temperatures (up to 110℃) to quantify the accelerated degradation of encapsulated CsPbI3PSCs under constant illumination. Incorporating a two-dimensional (2D) Cs2PbI2Cl2 capping layer between the perovskite active layer and hole-transport layer stabilizes the interface while increasing power conversion efficiency of the all-inorganic PSCs from 14.9 to 17.4%. Devices with this 2D capping layer did not degrade at 35℃and required >2100 hours at 110℃ under constant illumination to degrade by 20% of their initial efficiency. Degradation acceleration factors based on the observed Arrhenius temperature dependence predict intrinsic lifetimes of 51 000 ± 7000 hours (>5 years) operating continuously at 35℃.
