世界博物馆修复，博物馆新定义公布

世界博物馆修复，博物馆新定义公布目前我们所使用的博物馆定义，即“博物馆是一个为社会及其发展服务的、向公众开放的非营利性常设机构，为教育、研究、欣赏的目的征集、保护、研究、传播并展出人类及人类环境的物质及非物质遗产”是国际博协（ICOM）在2007年发布的版本。全球博物馆界历时多年讨论博物馆是为社会服务的非营利性常设机构，它研究、收藏、保护、阐释和展示物质与非物质遗产。向公众开放，具有可及性和包容性，博物馆促进多样性和可持续性。博物馆以符合道德且专业的方式进行运营和交流，并在社区的参与下，为教育、欣赏、深思和知识共享提供多种体验。目前使用的“博物馆定义”，在过去的几十年里只进行过微小的调整，已经不能充分的反映和表达博物馆在21世纪面对的复杂状况，以及博物馆在当前的责任和承诺，或者它们所面临的挑战和未来的愿景。——国际博协

2022年8月24日，在布拉格举行的第26届ICOM大会通过新的“博物馆定义”。国际博协（ICOM）正式官宣公布适用于全球博物馆行业的“博物馆新定义”。

ICOM 宣布，此前提交的提案B获得通过，来自世界各地 126 个国家委员会的数百名博物馆专业人士参与表决。

博物馆新定义

A museum is a not-for-profit permanent institution in the service of society that researches collects conserves interprets and exhibits tangible and intangible heritage. Open to the public accessible and inclusive museums foster diversity and sustainability. They operate and communicate ethically professionally and with the participation of communities offering varied experiences for education enjoyment reflection and knowledge sharing.

博物馆是为社会服务的非营利性常设机构，它研究、收藏、保护、阐释和展示物质与非物质遗产。向公众开放，具有可及性和包容性，博物馆促进多样性和可持续性。博物馆以符合道德且专业的方式进行运营和交流，并在社区的参与下，为教育、欣赏、深思和知识共享提供多种体验。

目前使用的“博物馆定义”，在过去的几十年里只进行过微小的调整，已经不能充分的反映和表达博物馆在21世纪面对的复杂状况，以及博物馆在当前的责任和承诺，或者它们所面临的挑战和未来的愿景。

——国际博协

全球博物馆界历时多年讨论

目前我们所使用的博物馆定义，即“博物馆是一个为社会及其发展服务的、向公众开放的非营利性常设机构，为教育、研究、欣赏的目的征集、保护、研究、传播并展出人类及人类环境的物质及非物质遗产”是国际博协（ICOM）在2007年发布的版本。

头条盘点发现，ICOM曾发布过8个版本的“博物馆定义”。2015年11月17日联合国教科文组织通过《关于保护与促进博物馆和收藏及其多样性、社会作用的建议书》，把博物馆一直秉持的“为社会及其发展服务”的宗旨放到了一系列特定的价值体系中。这个建议要求博物馆在诸如公平、自由、和平、团结、社会融合与包容、可持续发展等重大的共同议题中扮演重要角色。ICOM副主席、中国博协副理事长安来顺曾表示，上述表述“比我们通常认为的博物馆核心对象的收藏、历史遗迹甚至文化景观的表述要宽了许多，也超出了博物馆业界主流的观察和分析博物馆的模式。”

2016年，ICOM成立了“博物馆定义：前景和潜力”常务委员会，该委员会决定通过一系列小组研究来反思影响博物馆定义的所有语境因素，包括趋势、博物馆类型学、文化民主与参与、地缘政治、移民与去殖民化、治理变革等。当年7月，ICOM启动的第九次博物馆定义修订，引起全球业界内外极大关注。

2018年，根据“博物馆定义、前景和潜力”常委会的建议，国际博协执行委员会决定重新考虑和修订现有的博物馆定义。在接下来的几个月里，该委员会邀请了国际博物馆协会的会员们，各委员会，合作伙伴和其他感兴趣的利益相关者，共同参与制定博物馆定义的替代版本，中国博物馆业界也召开多场研讨会参与讨论。历经三年的全球范围的激烈讨论之后，由ICOM执委会从269个定义建议案中遴选出的新定义草案未能按原计划在2019年9月第25届ICOM京都大会上完成修订所必要的法律程序。

此后，ICOM已重新调整了定义修订工作的路线图，终于在本次ICOM布拉格大会上最终形成具有最广泛代表性的新的博物馆定义。

资料梳理：

国际博协（ICOM）关于“博物馆”的定义

（1946-2007）

1946年

“博物馆”这个词包括藏品对公众开放的所有艺术的、技术的、科学的、历史的或考古的（机构），包括动物园和植物园，但是图书馆除外，仅包括保持永久展厅的图书馆。

The word“museums”includes all collections open to the public，of artistic，technical，scientific，historical or archaeological material，including zoos and botanical gardens，but excluding libraries，except in so far as they maintain permanent exhibition rooms.

1956年

“博物馆”这个词在此是特指任何永久性（固定性）机构，普遍意义地讲，以各种形式的保存、研究、提高为目的，特别是以接待和展示向公众展出具有文化价值的艺术的、历史的、科学和技术的藏品和标本的机构、植物园、动物园和水族馆。隶属公共图书馆和公共档案馆的常设性展馆可被认为是博物馆。

The word of museum here denotes any permanent establishment，administered in the general interest，for the purpose of preserving，studying，enhancing by various means and，in particular，of exhibiting to the public for its delectation and instruction groups of objects and specimens of cultural value：artistic，historical，scientific and technological collections，botanical and zoological gardens and aquariums.Public libraries and public archival institutions maintaining permanent exhibition rooms shall be considered to be museums.

1961年

国际博物馆协会将承认以研究、教育、欣赏为目的而保护和展出具有文化和科学重要性的藏品的任何永久性（固定性）机构为博物馆。

定义中包括：a.公共图书馆和档案馆的常设性展出馆；b.正式向公众开放的历史古迹和部分历史古迹或它们的从属物，例如教堂珍宝、历史遗址、考古遗址和自然遗址；c.植物园、动物园、水族馆、生态园和展出动物、植物活标本的其他机构；d.自然保护区。

ICOM shall recognise as a museum any permanent institution which conserves and displays，for purposes of a study，education and enjoyment，collections of objects of cultural or scientific significance.

Within this definition fall:

a. exhibition galleries permanently maintained by public libraries and collections of archives

b. historical monuments and parts of historical monuments or their dependencies such as cathedral treasuries historical archaeological and natural sites which are officially open to the public

c. botanical and zoological gardens aquaria vivaria and other institutions which display living specimens

d. natural reserves.

1974年

博物馆是一个以研究、教育、欣赏为目的而征集、保护、研究、传播和展出人及人的环境的物证的、为社会及其发展服务的、向大众开放的、非营利的永久性（固定性）机构。

除被指定为“博物馆”外，国际博协承认下列符合博物馆定义机构：a.图书馆和档案中心的常设性保护研究机构和展出馆；b.从事征集、保护和传播活动的，具有博物馆性质的自然、考古及人类学的历史古迹和遗址；c.展出动物、植物活标本的机构，如植物园、动物园、水族馆和生态园等；d.自然保护区；e.科学中心及天文馆。

A museum is a non-profit making， permanent institution in the service of the society and its development，and open to the public，which acquires，conserves，researches，communicates，and exhibits， for purposes of study，education and enjoyment， material evidence of man and his environment.

In addition to museums designated as such ICOM recognizes that the following comply with the above definition:

a. conservation institutes and exhibition galleries permanently maintained by libraries and archive centres.

b. natural archaeological and ethnographic monuments and sites and historical monuments and sites of a museum nature for their acquisition conservation and communication activities.

c. institutions displaying live specimens such as botanical and zoological gardens aquaria vivaria etc.

d. nature reserves.

e. science centres and planetariums.

1989年

博物馆是一个以研究、教育、欣赏为目的而征集、保护、研究、传播和展出人类及人类环境的物证的、为社会及其发展服务的、向大众开放的、非营利的永久性（固定性）机构。

（1）博物馆上述定义不受任何政体性质、地域特征、职能机构或相关机构收藏藏品的定位等因素的限制而予以适用。

（2）除被指定为“博物馆”的机构外，以下机构具有博物馆资格：i.从事征集、保护和传播人类及人类环境物证的，具有博物馆性质的自然、考古及人类学的历史古迹和遗址；ii.拥有并展出动物、植物活标本的机构，如植物园、动物园、水族馆和生态园；iii.科学中心及天文馆；iv.图书馆和档案中心的常设性保护研究机构和展出馆；v.自然保护区；vi.执行委员会经征求咨询委员会意见后认为其具有博物馆的部分或全部特征，支持博物馆及博物馆专业工作人员从事博物馆学研究、教育或培训的其他机构。

A museum is a non-profit making，permanent institution in the service of society and its development，and open to the public which acquires，conserves，researches，communicates and exhibits，for purposes of study，education and enjoyment，material evidence of people and their environment.

The above definition of a museum shall be applied without any limitation arising from the nature of the governing body the territorial character the functional structure or the orientation of the collections of the institution concerned.

In addition to institutions designated as "museums" the following qualify as museums for the purposes of this definition:

i. natural archaeological and ethnographic monuments and sites and historical monuments and sites of a museum nature that acquire conserve and communicate material evidence of people and their environment;

ii. institutions holding collections of and displaying live specimens of plants and animals such as botanical and zoological gardens aquaria and vivaria;

iii. science centres and planetaria;

iv. conservation institutes and exhibition galleries permanently maintained by libraries and archive centres;

v. nature reserves;

vi. such other institutions as the Executive Council after seeking the advice of the Advisory Committee considers as having some or all the characteristics of a museum or as supporting museums and professional museum workers through museological research education or training.

1995年

博物馆是一个以研究、教育、欣赏为目的而征集、保护、研究、传播和展出人类及人类环境的物证的、为社会及其发展服务的、向大众开放的、非营利的永久性（固定性）机构。

（1）博物馆上述定义不受任何政体性质、地域特征、职能机构或相关机构收藏藏品的定位等因素的限制而予以适用。

（2）除被指定为“博物馆”的机构外，以下机构具有博物馆资格：i.从事征集、保护和传播人类及人类环境物证的，具有博物馆性质的自然、考古及人类学的历史古迹和遗址；ii.拥有并展出动物、植物活标本的机构，如植物园、动物园、水族馆和人工动植物生态园；iii.科学中心及天文馆；iv.图书馆和档案中心的常设性保护研究机构和展出馆；v.自然保护区；vi.符合前述定义的国际、国家、区域性或地方性博物馆组织、负责博物馆管理的政府部门或公共机构；vii.从事与博物馆和博物馆学相关的研究、教育、培训、记录和其他事务的非营利机构或组织；viii.执行委员会经征求咨询委员会意见后认为其具有博物馆的部分或全部特征，支持博物馆及博物馆专业工作人员从事博物馆学研究、教育或培训的其他机构。

A museum is a non-profit making permanent institution in the service of society and of its development，and open to the public which acquires，conserves，researches，communicates and exhibits，for purposes of study，education and enjoyment，material evidence of people and their environment.

The above definition of a museum shall be applied without any limitation arising from the nature of the governing body the territorial character the functional structure or the orientation of the collections of the institution concerned.

In addition to institutions designated as "museums" the following qualify as museums for the purposes of this definition:

i. natural archaeological and ethnographic monuments and sites and historical monuments and sites of a museum nature that acquire conserve and communicate material evidence of people and their environment;

ii. institutions holding collections of and displaying live specimens and plants and animals such as botanical and zoological gardens aquaria and vivaria;

iii. science centres and planetaria;

iv. conservation institutes and exhibition galleries permanently maintained by libraries and archive centres;

v. nature reserves;

vi. international or national or regional or local museum organisations ministries or departments or public agencies responsible for museums as per the definition given under this article;

vii. non-profit institutions or organisations undertaking research education training documentation and other activities relating to museums and museology;

viii. such other institutions as the Executive Council after seeking the advice of the Advisory Commitee considers as having some or all of the characteristics of a museum or as supporting museums and professional museum workers through museological research educaton or training.

2001年

博物馆是一个以研究、教育、欣赏为目的而征集、保护、研究、传播和展出人类及人类环境的物证的、为社会及其发展服务的、向大众开放的、非营利的永久性（固定性）机构。

（1）博物馆上述定义不受任何政体性质、地域特征、职能机构或相关机构收藏藏品的定位等因素的限制而予以适用。

（2）除被指定为“博物馆”的机构外，以下机构具有博物馆资格：i.从事征集、保护和传播人类及人类环境物证的，具有博物馆性质的自然、考古及人类学的历史古迹和遗址；ii.拥有并展出动物、植物活标本的机构，如植物园、动物园、水族馆和人工生态园；iii.科学中心和天文馆；iv.非营利的艺术展出馆；v.自然保护区；vi.符合前述定义的国际、国家、区域或地方性博物馆组织、负责博物馆管理的政府部门或公共机构；vii.从事与博物馆和博物馆学相关的文物保护、研究、教育、培训、记录和其他事务的非营利机构或组织；viii.从事保护、传承和管理有形和无形遗产（活的遗产和数字创造性活动）的文化中心和其他实体；ix.执行委员会经征求咨询委员会意见后认为其具有博物馆的部分或全部特征，支持博物馆及博物馆专业职员从事博物馆学研究、教育或培训的其他机构。

A museum is a non-profit making，permanent institution in the service of society and of its development，and open to the public，which acquires，conserves，researches communicates and exhibits，for purposes of study，education and enjoyment，material evidence of people and their environment.

a. The above definition of a museum shall be applied without any limitation arising from the nature of the governing body the territorial character the functional structure or the orientation of the collections of the institution concerned.

b. In addition to institutions designated as "museums" the following qualify as museums for the purposes of this definition:

i. natural archaeological and ethnographic monuments and sites and historical monuments and sites of a museum nature that acquire conserve and communicate material evidence of people and their environment;

ii. institutions holding collections of and displaying live specimens of plants and animals such as botanical and zoological gardens aquaria and vivaria;

iii. science centres and planetaria;

iv. non-profit art exhibition galleries;

v. nature reserves;

vi. international or national or regional or local museum organisations ministries or departments or public agencies responsible for museums as per the definition given under this article;

vii. non-profit institutions or organisations undertaking conservation research education training documentation and other activities relating to museums and museology;

viii. cultural centres and other entities that facilitate the preservation continuation and management of tangible or intangible heritage resources (living heritage and digital creative activity);

ix. such other institutions as the Executive Council after seeking the advice of the Advisory Committee considers as having some or all of the characteristics of a museum or as supporting museums and professional museum personnel through museological research education or training.

2007年

博物馆是一个为社会及其发展服务的、向公众开放的非营利性常设机构，为教育、研究、欣赏的目的征集、保护、研究、传播并展出人类及人类环境的物质及非物质遗产。

A museum is a non-profit，permanent institution in the service of society and its development，open to the public，which acquires，conserves，researches，communicates and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its environment for the purposes of education，study and enjoyment.

资料来源：中国文博发展创新峰会