kubernetes集群教程（一份详尽的利用）

逗爷 2023-03-19 12:38:26 351

kubernetes集群教程（一份详尽的利用）准备工作所有节点都需要安装以下组件：本文准备部署一个一主两从的三节点 Kubernetes集群，整体节点规划如下表所示：主机名IP角色k8s-master192.168.39.79k8s主节点k8s-node-1192.168.39.77k8s从节点k8s-node-2192.168.39.78k8s从节点下面介绍一下各个节点的软件版本：

概述

Kubernetes集群的搭建方法其实有多种，比如我在之前的文章《利用K8S技术栈打造个人私有云（连载之：K8S集群搭建）》中使用的就是二进制的安装方法。虽然这种方法有利于我们理解 k8s集群，但却过于繁琐。而 kubeadm是 Kubernetes官方提供的用于快速部署Kubernetes集群的工具，其历经发展如今已经比较成熟了，利用其来部署 Kubernetes集群可以说是非常好上手，操作起来也简便了许多，因此本文详细叙述之。

注：本文首发于 My Personal Blog：CodeSheep·程序羊，欢迎光临小站

节点规划

本文准备部署一个 一主两从 的 三节点 Kubernetes集群，整体节点规划如下表所示：

主机名IP角色k8s-master192.168.39.79k8s主节点k8s-node-1192.168.39.77k8s从节点k8s-node-2192.168.39.78k8s从节点

下面介绍一下各个节点的软件版本：

操作系统：CentOS-7.4-64Bit
Docker版本：1.13.1
Kubernetes版本：1.13.1

所有节点都需要安装以下组件：

Docker：不用多说了吧
kubelet：运行于所有 Node上，负责启动容器和 Pod
kubeadm：负责初始化集群
kubectl： k8s命令行工具，通过其可以部署/管理应用以及CRUD各种资源

准备工作

所有节点关闭防火墙

systemctl disable firewalld.service systemctl stop firewalld.service

禁用SELINUX

setenforce 0 vi /etc/selinux/config SELINUX=disabled

所有节点关闭 swap

swapoff -a

设置所有节点主机名

hostnamectl --static set-hostname k8s-master hostnamectl --static set-hostname k8s-node-1 hostnamectl --static set-hostname k8s-node-2

所有节点主机名/IP加入 hosts解析

编辑 /etc/hosts文件，加入以下内容：

192.168.39.79 k8s-master 192.168.39.77 k8s-node-1 192.168.39.78 k8s-node-2

组件安装

0x01. Docker安装（所有节点）

不赘述 ! ! !

0x02. kubelet、kubeadm、kubectl安装（所有节点）

首先准备repo

cat>>/etc/yum.repos.d/kubrenetes.repo<<EOF [kubernetes] name=Kubernetes Repo baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/ gpgcheck=0 gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg EOF

然后执行如下指令来进行安装

setenforce 0 sed -i 's/^SELINUX=enforcing$/SELINUX= disabled/' /etc/selinux/config yum install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl systemctl enable kubelet && systemctl start kubelet

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Master节点配置

0x01. 初始化 k8s集群

为了应对网络不畅通的问题，我们国内网络环境只能提前手动下载相关镜像并重新打 tag :

docker pull mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-apiserver:v1.13.1 docker pull mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-controller-manager:v1.13.1 docker pull mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-scheduler:v1.13.1 docker pull mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-proxy:v1.13.1 docker pull mirrorgooglecontainers/pause:3.1 docker pull mirrorgooglecontainers/etcd:3.2.24 docker pull coredns/coredns:1.2.6 docker pull registry.cn-shenzhen.aliyuncs.com/cp_m/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64 docker tag mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-apiserver:v1.13.1 k8s.gcr.io/kube-apiserver:v1.13.1 docker tag mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-controller-manager:v1.13.1 k8s.gcr.io/kube-controller-manager:v1.13.1 docker tag mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-scheduler:v1.13.1 k8s.gcr.io/kube-scheduler:v1.13.1 docker tag mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-proxy:v1.13.1 k8s.gcr.io/kube-proxy:v1.13.1 docker tag mirrorgooglecontainers/pause:3.1 k8s.gcr.io/pause:3.1 docker tag mirrorgooglecontainers/etcd:3.2.24 k8s.gcr.io/etcd:3.2.24 docker tag coredns/coredns:1.2.6 k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.2.6 docker tag registry.cn-shenzhen.aliyuncs.com/cp_m/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64 quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64 docker rmi mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-apiserver:v1.13.1 docker rmi mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-controller-manager:v1.13.1 docker rmi mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-scheduler:v1.13.1 docker rmi mirrorgooglecontainers/kube-proxy:v1.13.1 docker rmi mirrorgooglecontainers/pause:3.1 docker rmi mirrorgooglecontainers/etcd:3.2.24 docker rmi coredns/coredns:1.2.6 docker rmi registry.cn-shenzhen.aliyuncs.com/cp_m/flannel:v0.10.0-amd64

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然后再在 Master节点上执行如下命令初始化 k8s集群：

kubeadm init --kubernetes-version=v1.13.1 --apiserver-advertise-address 192.168.39.79 --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16

--kubernetes-version: 用于指定 k8s版本
--apiserver-advertise-address：用于指定使用 Master的哪个network interface进行通信，若不指定，则 kubeadm会自动选择具有默认网关的 interface
--pod-network-cidr：用于指定Pod的网络范围。该参数使用依赖于使用的网络方案，本文将使用经典的flannel网络方案。

执行命令后，控制台给出了如下所示的详细集群初始化过程：

[root@localhost ~]# kubeadm init --config kubeadm-config.yaml W1224 11:01:25.408209 10137 strict.go:54] error unmarshaling configuration schema.GroupVersionKind{Group:"kubeadm.k8s.io" Version:"v1beta1" Kind:"ClusterConfiguration"}: error unmarshaling JSON: while decoding JSON: json: unknown field "\u00a0 podSubnet” [init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.13.1 [preflight] Running pre-flight checks [preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster [preflight] This might take a minute or two depending on the speed of your internet connection [preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull’ [kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env” [kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml” [kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service [certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki” [certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key [certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key [certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key [certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [localhost.localdomain localhost] and IPs [192.168.39.79 127.0.0.1 ::1] [certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key [certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [localhost.localdomain localhost] and IPs [192.168.39.79 127.0.0.1 ::1] [certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key [certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key [certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key [certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key [certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [localhost.localdomain kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local] and IPs [10.96.0.1 192.168.39.79] [certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key [certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key [certs] Generating "sa" key and public key [kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes” [kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file [kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file [kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file [kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file [control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests” [control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver” [control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager” [control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler” [etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests” [wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s [apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 24.005638 seconds [uploadconfig] storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system” Namespace [kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.13" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster [patchnode] Uploading the CRI Socket information "/var/run/dockershim.sock" to the Node API object "localhost.localdomain" as an annotation [mark-control-plane] Marking the node localhost.localdomain as control-plane by adding the label "node-role.kubernetes.io/master=''” [mark-control-plane] Marking the node localhost.localdomain as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule] [bootstrap-token] Using token: 26uprk.t7vpbwxojest0tvq [bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens cluster-info ConfigMap RBAC Roles [bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials [bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token [bootstraptoken] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster [bootstraptoken] creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public” namespace [addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS [addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy Your Kubernetes master has initialized successfully! To start using your cluster you need to run the following as a regular user: mkdir -p $HOME/.kube sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster. Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/ You can now join any number of machines by running the following on each node as root: kubeadm join 192.168.39.79:6443 --token 26uprk.t7vpbwxojest0tvq --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:028727c0c21f22dd29d119b080dcbebb37f5545e7da1968800140ffe225b0123 [root@localhost ~]#

0x02. 配置 kubectl

在 Master上用 root用户执行下列命令来配置 kubectl：

echo "export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf" >> /etc/profile source /etc/profile echo $KUBECONFIG

0x03. 安装Pod网络

安装 Pod网络是 Pod之间进行通信的必要条件，k8s支持众多网络方案，这里我们依然选用经典的 flannel方案

首先设置系统参数：

sysctl net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables=1

然后在 Master节点上执行如下命令：

kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yaml

kube-flannel.yaml 文件在此

一旦 Pod网络安装完成，可以执行如下命令检查一下 CoreDNS Pod此刻是否正常运行起来了，一旦其正常运行起来，则可以继续后续步骤

kubectl get pods --all-namespaces -o wide

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同时我们可以看到主节点已经就绪：kubectl get nodes

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添加 Slave节点

在两个 Slave节点上分别执行如下命令来让其加入Master上已经就绪了的 k8s集群：

kubeadm join --token <token> <master-ip>:<master-port> --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:<hash>

如果 token忘记，则可以去 Master上执行如下命令来获取：

kubeadm token list

上述kubectl join命令的执行结果如下：

[root@localhost ~]# kubeadm join 192.168.39.79:6443 --token yndddp.oamgloerxuune80q --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:7a45c40b5302aba7d8b9cbd3afc6d25c6bb8536dd6317aebcd2909b0427677c8 [preflight] Running pre-flight checks [discovery] Trying to connect to API Server "192.168.39.79:6443” [discovery] Created cluster-info discovery client requesting info from "https://192.168.39.79:6443” [discovery] Requesting info from "https://192.168.39.79:6443" again to validate TLS against the pinned public key [discovery] Cluster info signature and contents are valid and TLS certificate validates against pinned roots will use API Server "192.168.39.79:6443” [discovery] Successfully established connection with API Server "192.168.39.79:6443” [join] Reading configuration from the cluster… [join] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml’ [kubelet] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the "kubelet-config-1.13" ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace [kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml” [kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env” [kubelet-start] Activating the kubelet service [tlsbootstrap] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap… [patchnode] Uploading the CRI Socket information "/var/run/dockershim.sock" to the Node API object "localhost.localdomain" as an annotation This node has joined the cluster: * Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received. * The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details. Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the master to see this node join the cluster.

效果验证

查看节点状态

kubectl get nodes

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查看所有 Pod状态

kubectl get pods --all-namespaces -o wide

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好了，集群现在已经正常运行了，接下来看看如何正常的拆卸集群。

拆卸集群

首先处理各节点：

kubectl drain <node name> --delete-local-data --force --ignore-daemonsets kubectl delete node <node name>

一旦节点移除之后，则可以执行如下命令来重置集群：

kubeadm reset

安装 dashboard

就像给elasticsearch配一个可视化的管理工具一样，我们最好也给 k8s集群配一个可视化的管理工具，便于管理集群。

因此我们接下来安装 v1.10.0版本的 kubernetes-dashboard，用于集群可视化的管理。

首先手动下载镜像并重新打标签：（所有节点）

docker pull registry.cn-qingdao.aliyuncs.com/wangxiaoke/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.10.0 docker tag registry.cn-qingdao.aliyuncs.com/wangxiaoke/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.10.0 k8s.gcr.io/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.10.0 docker image rm registry.cn-qingdao.aliyuncs.com/wangxiaoke/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.10.0

安装 dashboard：

kubectl create -f dashboard.yaml

dashboard.yaml 文件在此

查看 dashboard的 pod是否正常启动，如果正常说明安装成功:

kubectl get pods --namespace=kube-system [root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods --namespace=kube-system NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE coredns-86c58d9df4-4rds2 1/1 Running 0 81m coredns-86c58d9df4-rhtgq 1/1 Running 0 81m etcd-k8s-master 1/1 Running 0 80m kube-apiserver-k8s-master 1/1 Running 0 80m kube-controller-manager-k8s-master 1/1 Running 0 80m kube-flannel-ds-amd64-8qzpx 1/1 Running 0 78m kube-flannel-ds-amd64-jvp59 1/1 Running 0 77m kube-flannel-ds-amd64-wztbk 1/1 Running 0 78m kube-proxy-crr7k 1/1 Running 0 81m kube-proxy-gk5vf 1/1 Running 0 78m kube-proxy-ktr27 1/1 Running 0 77m kube-scheduler-k8s-master 1/1 Running 0 80m kubernetes-dashboard-79ff88449c-v2jnc 1/1 Running 0 21s

查看 dashboard的外网暴露端口

kubectl get service --namespace=kube-system NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE kube-dns ClusterIP 10.96.0.10 <none> 53/UDP 53/TCP 5h38m kubernetes-dashboard NodePort 10.99.242.186 <none> 443:31234/TCP 14

生成私钥和证书签名：

openssl genrsa -des3 -passout pass:x -out dashboard.pass.key 2048 openssl rsa -passin pass:x -in dashboard.pass.key -out dashboard.key rm dashboard.pass.key openssl req -new -key dashboard.key -out dashboard.csr【如遇输入，一路回车即可】

生成SSL证书：

openssl x509 -req -sha256 -days 365 -in dashboard.csr -signkey dashboard.key -out dashboard.crt

然后将生成的 dashboard.key 和 dashboard.crt置于路径 /home/share/certs下，该路径会配置到下面即将要操作的

dashboard-user-role.yaml文件中

创建 dashboard用户

kubectl create -f dashboard-user-role.yaml

dashboard-user-role.yaml 文件在此

获取登陆token

kubectl describe secret/$(kubectl get secret -nkube-system |grep admin|awk '{print $1}') -nkube-system [root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl describe secret/$(kubectl get secret -nkube-system |grep admin|awk '{print $1}') -nkube-system Name: admin-token-9d4vl Namespace: kube-system Labels: <none> Annotations: kubernetes.io/service-account.name: admin kubernetes.io/service-account.uid: a320b00f-07ed-11e9-93f2-000c2978f207 Type: kubernetes.io/service-account-token Data ==== ca.crt: 1025 bytes namespace: 11 bytes token: eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJrdWJlcm5ldGVzL3NlcnZpY2VhY2NvdW50Iiwia3ViZXJuZXRlcy5pby9zZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudC9uYW1lc3BhY2UiOiJrdWJlLXN5c3RlbSIsImt1YmVybmV0ZXMuaW8vc2VydmljZWFjY291bnQvc2VjcmV0Lm5hbWUiOiJhZG1pbi10b2tlbi05ZDR2bCIsImt1YmVybmV0ZXMuaW8vc2VydmljZWFjY291bnQvc2VydmljZS1hY2NvdW50Lm5hbWUiOiJhZG1pbiIsImt1YmVybmV0ZXMuaW8vc2VydmljZWFjY291bnQvc2VydmljZS1hY2NvdW50LnVpZCI6ImEzMjBiMDBmLTA3ZWQtMTFlOS05M2YyLTAwMGMyOTc4ZjIwNyIsInN1YiI6InN5c3RlbTpzZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudDprdWJlLXN5c3RlbTphZG1pbiJ9.WbaHx-BfZEd0SvJwA9V_vGUe8jPMUHjKlkT7MWJ4JcQldRFY8Tdpv5GKCY25JsvT_GM3ob303r0yE6vjQdKna7EfQNO_Wb2j1Yu5UvZnWw52HhNudHNOVL_fFRKxkSVjAILA_C_HvW6aw6TG5h7zHARgl71I0LpW1VESeHeThipQ-pkt-Dr1jWcpPgE39cwxSgi-5qY4ssbyYBc2aPYLsqJibmE-KUhwmyOheF4Lxpg7E3SQEczsig2HjXpNtJizCu0kPyiR4qbbsusulH-kdgjhmD9_XWP9k0BzgutXWteV8Iqe4-uuRGHZAxgutCvaL5qENv4OAlaArlZqSgkNWw

token既然生成成功，接下来就可以打开浏览器，输入 token来登录进集群管理页面：

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