学习a-level最好的时间（心理学备考干货知识点）

学习a-level最好的时间（心理学备考干货知识点）对长期记忆中语义编码的研究 Baddeley (1966)Research into semantic encoding in long term memory Baddeley (1966)The issue with duration in long-term memory relates to recall and forgetting.长期记忆中的持续时间问题与回忆和遗忘有关。Two types of encoding are thought to operate in LTM 有两种类型的编码被认为在LTM中运作 :

Capacity in long term memory 长期记忆的容量

Capacity (amount of information which may be stored) of the long-term memory is Unknown. It is impossible to measure and may be limitless. The brains ability to store information is greater than the worlds most powerful computer memory.

长期记忆的容量（可存储的信息量）是未知的。它是无法测量的，可能是无限的。大脑储存信息的能力比世界上最强大的计算机内存还要大。

Duration in long term memory 长期记忆中的持续时间

Information is thought to be stored permanently - for your entire lifetime. It is now thought possible that some memories may be genetically inherited and therefore last longer than a lifetime.

信息被认为是永久储存的--为你的整个一生。现在人们认为，有些记忆可能是遗传的，因此持续时间超过了一生。

The issue with duration in long-term memory relates to recall and forgetting.

长期记忆中的持续时间问题与回忆和遗忘有关。

Encoding in LTM LTM中的编码

Two types of encoding are thought to operate in LTM 有两种类型的编码被认为在LTM中运作 :

Research into semantic encoding in long term memory Baddeley (1966)

对长期记忆中语义编码的研究 Baddeley (1966)

Baddeley presented participants with four lists to remember Baddeley给参与者提供了四个需要记忆的清单 :

List 1: man map can cap 人的地图可以是帽子

List 2: try pig hut pen 尝试猪的小屋笔

List 3: great big huge wide 很大很大很宽

List 4: run easy tug end 运行轻松的拔河结束

Participants had to recall as many words as possible immediately after presentation of lists and then try again 20 minutes later.

参与者必须在列表呈现后立即回忆尽可能多的单词，然后在20分钟后再次尝试。

Baddeley found that the immediate recall was better for list 2 than for list 1 and with little difference in recall between lists 3 and 4.

Baddeley发现，列表2的即时记忆比列表1好，列表3和列表4之间的记忆几乎没有差别。

List 1 contains similar sounding words and list 2 contains non similar sounding words. When participants were then asked to recall words after twenty minutes they recalled list 4 better than list 3 list 4 contains words with non similar meaning words and list 3 contains words with similar meanings.

列表1包含发音相似的词，列表2包含发音不相似的词。当参与者在20分钟后被要求回忆单词时，他们对列表4的回忆要比列表3好，列表4包含有非相似意思的单词，而列表3包含有相似意思的单词。

There was little difference in recall for lists 1 and 2. This shows that the short-term memory tends to store information according to sounds rather than meaning and that the long-term memory tends to store information according to semantics (meaning) rather than simply sound.

列表1和列表2的记忆没有什么区别。这表明短期记忆倾向于根据声音而不是意义来储存信息，长期记忆倾向于根据语义（意义）而不是简单的声音来储存信息。

Baddeley used a laboratory experiment and can therefore be criticised in terms of ecological validity demand characteristics participant variables/individual differences experimenter bias and representativeness (Baddeley used undergraduate students as participants). Although it has good reliability.

Baddeley使用的是实验室实验，因此在生态学有效性、需求特征、参与者变量/个体差异、实验者偏见和代表性（Baddeley使用本科生作为参与者）方面可以受到批评。尽管它具有良好的可靠性。

The following table is a summary of what you have learnt about encoding duration and capacity in the STM and LTM.

下表是你所学到的关于STM和LTM的编码、持续时间和容量的总结。

	Capacity 产量	Duration 时间	Encoding 编码
S	Miller's	Brown & Peterson suggest 15 to 30 seconds. 布朗和彼得森建议15至30秒。	Conrad suggested only acoustic process. Shulman suggested also visual and semantic processes. 康拉德只建议了声学过程。舒尔曼认为还有视觉和语义过程。
T	7 /- 2 Chunks
M	The magical number seven plus or minus two. 神奇的数字七加或减二。
L T M	Unknown and impossible to measure. Maybe limitless. 不明，无法测量。也许是无限的。	Relatively permanent. Relates to theories of recall and forgetting. 相对来说是永久性的。与回忆和遗忘的理论有关。	Declarative and/or Procedural. Declarative may be Semantic and/or Episodic (Tulvig). Baddeley showed process was largely semantic. 陈述性和/或程序性。陈述性的可能是语义的和/或偶发的（Tulvig）。Baddeley显示过程主要是语义的。