自然杂志 2023（自然20220825出版一周论文导读）
自然杂志 2023（自然20220825出版一周论文导读）https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04987-5▲ 链接：Efficient generation of entangled multiphoton graph states from a single atom单原子多光子纠缠图态的有效生成▲ 作者：Philip Thomas Leonardo Ruscio Olivier Morin & Gerhard Rempe
编译 | 冯维维
Nature 25 August 2022 VOL 608 ISSUE 7924
《自然》2022年8月25日，第608卷，7924期
物理学Physics
Efficient generation of entangled multiphoton graph states from a single atom
单原子多光子纠缠图态的有效生成
▲ 作者：Philip Thomas Leonardo Ruscio Olivier Morin & Gerhard Rempe
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04987-5
▲ 摘要：
量子科学的核心技术诉求在于利用量子效应，如纠缠，在计算、通信和传感等多种应用中发挥作用。在这些领域的首要挑战是解决、控制和保护系统的许多量子比特的退相干。
在这种背景下，天生稳健且易于操作的光学光子代表了理想的量子比特载波。然而，迄今为止最成功的创造光子纠缠的技术是固有的概率，因此，受到严重的可扩展性的限制。
作者报告了利用一个腔里单个存储原子形成光子纠缠的一个确定性协议。他们将可控的单光子发射与定制的原子量子比特旋转交织在一起，以保真度下界分别为76(6)%和56(4)%有效地增长多达14个光子的最大纠缠态（格林伯格-霍恩-齐林格态）和多达12个光子的线性簇态。
由于每个光子的源-探测效率为43.18(7)%，研究者大约每分钟测量一次这些态，这比以前的任何实验都快了几个数量级。未来，这一速率可能进一步提高，该方案可能扩展到一个腔中的两个原子或多个源的量子力学耦合，以产生高维簇态。克服了概率方案产生光子纠缠的局限性，该结果为可扩展的基于测量的量子计算和通信提供了一种潜在方法。
▲ Abstract：
The central technological appeal of quantum science resides in exploiting quantum effects such as entanglement for a variety of applications including computing communication and sensing. The overarching challenge in these fields is to address control and protect systems of many qubits against decoherence. Against this backdrop optical photons naturally robust and easy to manipulate represent ideal qubit carriers. However the most successful technique so far for creating photonic entanglement is inherently probabilistic and therefore subject to severe scalability limitations. Here we report the implementation of a deterministic protocol for the creation of photonic entanglement with a single memory atom in a cavity. We interleave controlled single-photon emissions with tailored atomic qubit rotations to efficiently grow Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states of up to 14 photons and linear cluster states of up to 12 photons with a fidelity lower bounded by 76(6)% and 56(4)% respectively. Thanks to a source-to-detection efficiency of 43.18(7)% per photon we measure these large states about once every minute which is orders of magnitude faster than in any previous experiment. In the future this rate could be increased even further the scheme could be extended to two atoms in a cavity or several sources could be quantum mechanically coupled to generate higher-dimensional cluster states. Overcoming the limitations encountered by probabilistic schemes for photonic entanglement generation our results may offer a way towards scalable measurement-based quantum computation and communication.
Quantum error correction with silicon spin qubits
用硅自旋量子位进行量子纠错
▲ 作者：Kenta Takeda Akito Noiri Takashi Nakajima Takashi Kobayashi & Seigo Tarucha
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04986-6
▲ 摘要：
未来的大规模量子计算机将依靠量子纠错（QEC）来保护计算过程中脆弱的量子信息。在可能实现量子计算设备的候选平台中，硅基自旋量子比特与成熟的纳米制造技术的兼容性，为克服从今天的原型到大规模计算机的设备尺寸放大的挑战提供了希望。
硅基量子比特的最新进展已经实现了高质量的1量子比特和2量子比特系统。然而，QEC的演示需要三个或更多耦合量子比特，并涉及三个量子比特门或基于测量的反馈，这仍然是一个开放的挑战。
作者演示了一种硅中的三量子位相位校正码，其中一个被编码的三量子位状态被保护，以防止三个量子位中的任何一个的相位翻转错误。对这个编码状态的校正是通过一个三量子位的条件旋转来完成的，研究者通过一个高效的单步共振驱动iToffoli门来实现。
如预期的那样，误差修正减小了由单量子比特相位翻转引起的误差，以及由准静态相位噪声引起的本征失相。这些结果表明QEC的成功实现以及硅基大规模量子计算平台的潜力。
▲ Abstract：
Future large-scale quantum computers will rely on quantum error correction (QEC) to protect the fragile quantum information during computation. Among the possible candidate platforms for realizing quantum computing devices the compatibility with mature nanofabrication technologies of silicon-based spin qubits offers promise to overcome the challenges in scaling up device sizes from the prototypes of today to large-scale computers. Recent advances in silicon-based qubits have enabled the implementations of high-quality one-qubit and two-qubit systems. However the demonstration of QEC which requires three or more coupled qubits and involves a three-qubit gate or measurement-based feedback remains an open challenge. Here we demonstrate a three-qubit phase-correcting code in silicon in which an encoded three-qubit state is protected against any phase-flip error on one of the three qubits. The correction to this encoded state is performed by a three-qubit conditional rotation which we implement by an efficient single-step resonantly driven iToffoli gate. As expected the error correction mitigates the errors owing to one-qubit phase-flip as well as the intrinsic dephasing mainly owing to quasi-static phase noise. These results show successful implementation of QEC and the potential of a silicon-based platform for large-scale quantum computing.
Kardar–Parisi–Zhang universality in a one-dimensional polariton condensate
一维极化子凝聚的KPZ普适性
▲ 作者：Quentin Fontaine Davide Squizzato Florent Baboux Ivan Amelio Aristide Lemaître Martina Morassi Isabelle Sagnes Luc Le Gratiet Abdelmounaim Harouri Michiel Wouters Iacopo Carusotto Alberto Amo Maxime Richard Anna Minguzzi Léonie Canet Sylvain Ravets & Jacqueline Bloch
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05001-8
▲ 摘要：
揭示普遍行为是统计物理学的一个重要特征。晶体表面和细菌菌落界面的随机生长和量子磁体的自旋输运等现象都属于同一普世性类别，尽管它们在微观层面上涉及到大量的物理机制。
更具体地说，在所有这些系统中，时空相关性显示出幂律尺度，其特征是普遍的临界指数。这种普适性源于由非线性随机Kardar–Parisi–Zhang（KPZ）方程所控制的一个共同的潜在有效动力学。
最近的理论工作表明，这种动力学也出现在显示宏观自发相干的非平衡系统的阶段。作者通过实验证明了驱动耗散一维极化激子凝聚态的相位演化落在KPZ普适类中。
作者表示，他们的论证依赖于KPZ时空尺度定律的直接测量，并结合揭示这个普适性类的其他关键特征的理论分析。其结果突出了非平衡凝聚体及其平衡对等体之间的基本物理差异，并为探索驱动开放量子系统中的普遍行为打开了一个范式。
▲ Abstract：
Revealing universal behaviours is a hallmark of statistical physics. Phenomena such as the stochastic growth of crystalline surfaces and of interfaces in bacterial colonies and spin transport in quantum magnets all belong to the same universality class despite the great plurality of physical mechanisms they involve at the microscopic level. More specifically in all these systems space–time correlations show power-law scalings characterized by universal critical exponents. This universality stems from a common underlying effective dynamics governed by the nonlinear stochastic Kardar–Parisi–Zhang (KPZ) equation. Recent theoretical works have suggested that this dynamics also emerges in the phase of out-of-equilibrium systems showing macroscopic spontaneous coherence. Here we experimentally demonstrate that the evolution of the phase in a driven-dissipative one-dimensional polariton condensate falls in the KPZ universality class. Our demonstration relies on a direct measurement of KPZ space–time scaling laws combined with a theoretical analysis that reveals other key signatures of this universality class. Our results highlight fundamental physical differences between out-of-equilibrium condensates and their equilibrium counterparts and open a paradigm for exploring universal behaviours in driven open quantum systems.
化学Chemistry
Fast-charging aluminium–chalcogen batteries resistant to dendritic shorting
抗枝晶短路的快速充电铝硫电池
▲ 作者：Quanquan Pang Jiashen Meng Saransh Gupta Xufeng Hong Chun Yuen Kwok Ji Zhao Yingxia Jin Like Xu Ozlem Karahan Ziqi Wang Spencer Toll Liqiang Mai Linda F. Nazar Mahalingam Balasubramanian Badri Narayanan & Donald R. Sadoway
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04983-9
▲ 摘要：
金属负极电池具有能量密度高、复杂度低的优点，且易于回收利用，但枝晶导致电池短路的威胁阻碍了该技术的发展。
作者报道了一种双向、快速充电的铝硫电池，使用由NaCl-KCl-AlCl3组成的熔盐电解质。与高水平的AlCl3配方，这些氯铝酸盐熔体包含连锁的AlnCl3n 1-物种，例如，Al2Cl7-，Al3Cl10-和Al4Cl13-，它们的Al-Cl-Al键提供了容易的Al3 脱溶动力学，导致高法拉第交换电流，形成电池的高速率充电的基础。
这种化学方法与其他铝电池的区别在于，它选择了一种正的元素-硫根电极，而不是各种低容量的化合物配方，并选择了一种熔盐电解质，而不是诱发高极化的室温离子液体。
作者展示了铝和硫之间的多步转换途径，允许高达200℃的快速充电，电池在非常高的充电率下持续数百次循环，而没有铝枝晶形成。重要的是，铝硫电池的电池级成本预计不到当前锂离子电池技术的六分之一，这对可扩展性很重要。
这种化学物质由地球上丰富的元素组成，这些元素可以合乎道德的来源，并在略高于水沸点的适度高温下运行，这种化学物质具有低成本、可充电、防火、可回收电池的所有必要条件。
▲ Abstract：
Although batteries fitted with a metal negative electrode are attractive for their higher energy density and lower complexity the latter making them more easily recyclable the threat of cell shorting by dendrites has stalled deployment of the technology. Here we disclose a bidirectional rapidly charging aluminium–chalcogen battery operating with a molten-salt electrolyte composed of NaCl–KCl–AlCl3. Formulated with high levels of AlCl3 these chloroaluminate melts contain catenated AlnCl3n 1-species for example Al2Cl7- Al3Cl10- and Al4Cl13- which with their Al–Cl–Al linkages confer facile Al3 desolvation kinetics resulting in high faradaic exchange currents to form the foundation for high-rate charging of the battery. This chemistry is distinguished from other aluminium batteries in the choice of a positive elemental-chalcogen electrode as opposed to various low-capacity compound formulations and in the choice of a molten-salt electrolyte as opposed to room-temperature ionic liquids that induce high polarization. We show that the multi-step conversion pathway between aluminium and chalcogen allows rapid charging at up to 200℃ and the battery endures hundreds of cycles at very high charging rates without aluminium dendrite formation. Importantly for scalability the cell-level cost of the aluminium–sulfur battery is projected to be less than one-sixth that of current lithium-ion technologies. Composed of earth-abundant elements that can be ethically sourced and operated at moderately elevated temperatures just above the boiling point of water this chemistry has all the requisites of a low-cost rechargeable fire-resistant recyclable battery.
Microporous water with high gas solubilities
具有高气体溶解度的微孔水
▲ 作者：Daniel P. Erdosy Malia B. Wenny Joy Cho Christopher DelRe Miranda V. Walter Felipe Jiménez-Ángeles Baofu Qiao Ricardo Sanchez Yifeng Peng Brian D. Polizzotti Monica Olvera de la Cruz & Jarad A. Mason
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05029-w
▲ 摘要：
具有永久微孔的液体可以比传统溶剂吸收更多的气体分子，为液相气体的储存、运输和反应性提供新的机会。目前设计多孔液体的方法依赖于空间上体积庞大的溶剂分子或表面配体，因此，不适合许多重要的溶剂，包括水。
作者报告了一个可推广的热力学策略，以保持永久的微孔隙度和传授高气体溶解度的液态水。具体来说，他们展示了微孔沸石和金属有机框架（MOF）纳米晶体的外部和内部表面化学可以如何被定制，以促进在水中稳定分散的形成，同时保持气体分子可访问的微孔干燥网络。
由于其永久的微孔隙性，这些含水流体可以将氧气（O2）和二氧化碳（CO2）等气体浓缩到比典型含水环境高得多的密度。当这些液体被氧化时，创纪录的高容量氧气可以输送到缺氧的红细胞，这突出了这类新型微孔液体在生理气体运输方面的一个潜在应用。
▲ Abstract：
Liquids with permanent microporosity can absorb larger quantities of gas molecules than conventional solvents providing new opportunities for liquid-phase gas storage transport and reactivity. Current approaches to designing porous liquids rely on sterically bulky solvent molecules or surface ligands and thus are not amenable to many important solvents including water. Here we report a generalizable thermodynamic strategy to preserve permanent microporosity and impart high gas solubilities to liquid water. Specifically we show how the external and internal surface chemistry of microporous zeolite and metal–organic framework (MOF) nanocrystals can be tailored to promote the formation of stable dispersions in water while maintaining dry networks of micropores that are accessible to gas molecules. As a result of their permanent microporosity these aqueous fluids can concentrate gases including oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) to much higher densities than are found in typical aqueous environments. When these fluids are oxygenated record-high capacities of O2 can be delivered to hypoxic red blood cells highlighting one potential application of this new class of microporous liquids for physiological gas transport.
Integrated ozone depletion as a metric for ozone recovery
综合臭氧损耗作为臭氧恢复的衡量标准
▲ 作者：ohn A. Pyle James Keeble Nathan Luke Abraham Martyn P. Chipperfield & Paul T. Griffiths
▲ 链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04968-8
▲ 摘要：
《蒙特利尔议定书》成功地保护了臭氧层。造成平流层臭氧消耗的主要卤素气体已根据该议定书加以管制，它们在大气中的综合丰度正在下降，而大气中某些部分的臭氧正在增加。
臭氧消耗潜力，即化合物消耗平流层臭氧能力的相对衡量标准，一直是该议定书在成功指导逐步淘汰最耗竭物质生产方面的一个关键监管组成部分。但监测协议成功与否的最新恢复阶段需要进一步的指标。
“臭氧恢复的延迟”已被广泛用于表明不同排放或逐步减少战略的影响，但作者认为，它有时可能是模糊的，甚至没有用处。相反，他们建议使用综合臭氧消耗（IOD）指标来表明任何新排放的影响。
IOD测量臭氧消耗的时间积分柱，仅取决于所考虑物种的排放强度以及整个大气和平流层寿命。它为科学界和政策界提供了一种有用的补充衡量消耗臭氧层物质具体排放的影响的指标。
▲ Abstract：
The Montreal Protocol is successfully protecting the ozone layer. The main halogen gases responsible for stratospheric ozone depletion have been regulated under the Protocol their combined atmospheric abundances are declining and ozone is increasing in some parts of the atmosphere. Ozone depletion potentials relative measures of compounds’ abilities to deplete stratospheric ozone have been a key regulatory component of the Protocol in successfully guiding the phasing out in the manufacture of the most highly depleting substances. However this latest recovery phase in monitoring the success of the Protocol calls for further metrics. The ‘delay in ozone return’ has been widely used to indicate the effect of different emissions or phase-down strategies but we argue here that it can sometimes be ambiguous or even of no use. Instead we propose the use of an integrated ozone depletion (IOD) metric to indicate the impact of any new emission. The IOD measures the time-integrated column ozone depletion and depends only on the emission strength and the whole atmosphere and stratospheric lifetimes of the species considered. It provides a useful complementary metric of the impact of specific emissions of an ozone depleting substance for both the scientific and policy communities.
