孙子兵法全文原文注释译文（孙子兵法1始计篇）

孙子兵法全文原文注释译文（孙子兵法1始计篇）因此，要通过对敌我五个方面的情况进行综合比较，来探讨战争胜负的情形：一是政治，二是天时，三是地势，四是将领，五是制度。政治，就是要让民众和君主的意愿一致，战时他们才会为君主去死，不存二心。天时，就是指昼夜、晴雨、寒冷、炎热、季节气候的变化。地势，就是指高陵洼地、路途远近、险隘平坦、进退方便等条件。将领，就是指挥者所具备的智慧、诚信、仁爱、勇猛、严明等素质。制度，就是军制、军法、军需的制定和管理。凡属这五个方面的情况，将领都不能不知。充分了解这些情况的就能取胜，相反就会作战失败。此外，还要通过比较双方的具体条件来探究战争胜负的情形，即双方君主哪一方施政清明？哪一方将帅更有才能？哪一方拥有更好的天时地利？哪一方军纪严明？哪一方兵力强大？哪一方士卒训练有素？哪一方赏罚分明？通过这些分析比较就能够判断谁胜谁负了。故经之以五事，校之以计而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。道者，令民与上

《孙子兵法》是中国现存最早的兵书，也是世界上最早的军事著作，被誉为“兵学圣典”。共有六千字左右，一共十三篇。（1 始计篇；2 作战篇；3 谋攻篇；4 军形篇；5 兵势篇；6 虚实篇；7 军争篇；8 九变篇；9 行军篇；10 地形篇；11 九地篇；12 火攻篇；13 用间篇）

内容涵盖国家战略、军事战略、治军理念、战斗战术。

1 始计篇 Laying Plans

孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。

孙子说：战争是国家的大事，它关系到百姓的生死，国家的存亡，不能不认真地思考和研究。

Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.

It is a matter of life and death a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.

故经之以五事，校之以计而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。道者，令民与上同意也，故可以与之死，可以与之生，而不畏危。天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也。地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也。将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也。法者，曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知者不胜。故校之以计而索其情，曰：主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。

因此，要通过对敌我五个方面的情况进行综合比较，来探讨战争胜负的情形：一是政治，二是天时，三是地势，四是将领，五是制度。政治，就是要让民众和君主的意愿一致，战时他们才会为君主去死，不存二心。天时，就是指昼夜、晴雨、寒冷、炎热、季节气候的变化。地势，就是指高陵洼地、路途远近、险隘平坦、进退方便等条件。将领，就是指挥者所具备的智慧、诚信、仁爱、勇猛、严明等素质。制度，就是军制、军法、军需的制定和管理。凡属这五个方面的情况，将领都不能不知。充分了解这些情况的就能取胜，相反就会作战失败。此外，还要通过比较双方的具体条件来探究战争胜负的情形，即双方君主哪一方施政清明？哪一方将帅更有才能？哪一方拥有更好的天时地利？哪一方军纪严明？哪一方兵力强大？哪一方士卒训练有素？哪一方赏罚分明？通过这些分析比较就能够判断谁胜谁负了。

The art of war then is governed by five constant factors to be taken into account in one's deliberations when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.

These are: (1) the Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) the Commander; (5) method and discipline.

1 The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler so that they will follow him regardless of their lives undismayed by any danger.

2 Heaven signifies night and day cold and heat times and seasons.

3 Earth comprises distances great and small; danger and security; open ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death.

4 The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom sincerity benevolence courage and strictness.

5 By method and discipline are to be understood the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions the graduations of rank among the officers the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army and the control of military expenditure.

These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail.

Therefore in your deliberations when seeking to determine the military conditions let them be made the basis of a comparison in this wise: —

Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral Law?

Which of the two generals has most ability?

With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth?

On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?

Which army is stronger?

On which side are officers and men more highly trained?

In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment?

By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat.

将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。

若听从我的意见，用兵作战就会取胜，我就留下来；若是不从，打仗就会失败，我将会离开这里。

The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it will conquer: — let such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it will suffer defeat: — let such a one be dismissed!

计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近；利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之。攻其无备，出其不意。此兵家之胜，不可先传也。

我的军事思想您认为能够接受，再从外交上造成大好形势作为辅助条件，就掌握了主动权。所谓态势，即是凭借有利的情况，以制定临机应变的策略。战争，本来是一种诡诈之术。所以，能战而示之软弱；要打，装作退却；要攻近处，装作攻击远处；要想远袭，又装作近攻；敌人贪利，就用小利引诱；敌人混乱就要攻取；敌人力量充实，就要防备；敌人兵强卒锐，就避其锋头；敌人气势汹汹，就设法扰乱它；敌人谦卑就要使之骄横；敌人安逸就要使之疲劳；敌人内部和睦，就要离间他们。总之，要在敌人没有防备处攻击，在敌人料想不到的时候采取行动。这是指挥家制胜的秘诀，不可预先讲明。

While heeding the profit of my counsel avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.

According as circumstances are favourable one should modify one's plans.

All warfare is based on deception.

Hence when able to attack we must seem unable; when using our forces we must seem inactive; when we are near we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away we must make him believe we are near.

Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder and crush him.

If he is secure at all points be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength evade him.

If your opponent is of choleric temper seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak that he may grow arrogant.

If he is taking his ease give him no rest. If his forces are united separate them.

Attack him where he is unprepared appear where you are not expected.

These military devices leading to victory must not be divulged beforehand.

choleric [kə'lerɪk] 易怒的；暴躁的；动辄发怒的；

divulge [dɪ'vʌldʒ] 泄露；

夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜，少算不胜，而况于无算乎！吾以此观之，胜负见矣。

未战之前就能预料取胜的，是因为筹划周密，条件充分；未开战而估计取胜把握小，是具备取胜的条件少。条件充分的取胜就大，准备不充分的就会失败。何况一点条件也不具备的呢！我根据这些来观察战争，胜败也就清楚了。

Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought. The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory and few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.

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