英文写作常用的句子，英文写作底层规范
英文写作常用的句子，英文写作底层规范统一句：Du Fu was one of the greatest poets of the Tang period.非统一句：Du Fu was one of the greatest poets.非统一句：Born in a small town in South China in the early 50s he grew up to be a famous musician.统一句：He was born in a small town in South China in the early 50s. In his childhood he liked to sing songs. Later he entered a conservatory. In the 70s he became a famous musician.我们可以看出，非统一句虽然语法上没有问题，但并不符合逻辑
教学内容：英文写作
适合人群：英语教师、英语专业学生、初高中生等
一、 统一性
统一性是一个句子有效与否的第一个标准。一个统一协调的句子表达了一个独立的统一的意思。如果意思不紧密联系，则就不是一个有效地句子。如：
非统一句：Born in a small town in South China in the early 50s he grew up to be a famous musician.
统一句：He was born in a small town in South China in the early 50s. In his childhood he liked to sing songs. Later he entered a conservatory. In the 70s he became a famous musician.
我们可以看出，非统一句虽然语法上没有问题，但并不符合逻辑。因为出生在南方并不能导致他成为一个著名的音乐家，也就是说两个句子之间没有任何的语义联系。而改后的统一句则说明了这个人是如何一步一步成为音乐家的，句子之间有逻辑。
非统一句：Du Fu was one of the greatest poets.
统一句：Du Fu was one of the greatest poets of the Tang period.
我们可以看出，非统一句在信息上是不完整的，因为它没有提到任何的国家和时间概念。而改后的统一句就是信息很完善。
总之：一个统一的句子能够使表达更符合逻辑，更有层次，意思更顺畅。而非统一句虽然在语法角度是正确的，但没有逻辑。主要表现是句子的不同部分没有任何的联系，读者在读了非统一句后往往不知道作者想要表达的意思，有一种模棱两可，似是而非的感觉。
二、连贯性
连贯主要是指句子的不同部分之间是否连贯一致，是否有清楚的合理的联系。如果有如下四方面的问题，则句子就是不连贯的。1 错误的平行结构；2 含糊的代词；3 悬垂或不合适的修饰词；4人称，数，语态，时态的模糊使用。
- 1、错误的平行结构
错误句子：
A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.
改正句子：
A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.
A man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.
错误句子：
We thought she was charming intelligent and a very capable young woman.
改正句子：
We thought she was charming intelligent and very capable.
We thought she was a charming intelligent and very capable young woman.
- 2、含糊的代词
错误句子：
She told my sister that she was wrong.
改正句子：
”I’m wrong ” she said to my sister.
“You’re wrong ” she said to my sister.
My sister was told that she was wrong.
错误句子：
He was knocked down by a bicycle but it was not serious.
改正句子：
He was knocked down by a bicycle but was not badly hurt.
- 3、悬垂或不合适的修饰词
错误句子：
I read an interesting story in a magazine about sportsmen.
改正句子：I read in a magazine an interesting story about sportsmen.
分析：about sportsmen位置不同，修饰的词就不同。在错误句子中，about sportsmen修饰magazine，意思是一本关于运动员的杂志。改正的句子表达的意思才是在杂志里读到了一个关于运动员的故事。
错误句子：
She bought several picture books and put them into her bag which she intended to give to her children.
改正句子：
She put into her bag the picture books she had bought for her children.
分析：在错误句子中，which指代bag，把bag送给了孩子。在正确句子中，明确是把图画书给孩子。
错误句子：
The idea he mentioned at first sounded good.
改正句子：
The idea he first mentioned sounded good.
The idea he mentioned sounded good at first.
分析：错误句子的意思可能是“起初听起来还不错，后来不咋地”，或者“首先提到的想法挺好”。改正的句子表达更精准。
- 4、人称，数，语态，时态的模糊使用
错误句子：
An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper you should not plagiarize.
改正句子：
An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper he should not plagiarize.
错误句子：
Those who wish to take Linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet of paper.
改正句子：
Those who wish to take Linguistics are expected to sign their name on this sheet of paper.
三、简洁性
大多数语言都要求简洁，简单明了，尽量不要包含非必须的词汇。英语也不例外，如果在写作中一味的为了凑字而添加许多不必要的信息或词汇短语等，是不会拿到很高的分数的。在一句话中，如果一个意思在完全表达清楚地基础上，单词越少越好。如：
啰嗦：
It was blue in color.
It was small in size.
Mary is a quiet and careful woman.
He returned in the early part of the month of August.
The man who was her teacher decided to flunk her
简洁：
It was blue.
It was small.
Mary is quiet and careful.
He returned in the early August.
Her teacher decided to flunk her
必要的反复能够加强语气，使句子表达强烈。但并不是所有的词汇就是反复，如果使用不好就会造成句子不简洁。如：
啰嗦：
In my opinion I think your plan is feasible.
简洁：
In my opinion your plan is feasible./ I think your plan is feasible.
啰嗦：
Mr. Smith usually likes to drink all kinds of wines that are produced in France.
简洁：
Mr. Smith prefers wines produced in France.
Mr. Smith prefers French wines.
四、强调性
对于一定意思的强调会使语言更生动，更形象。比如，在演讲当中，如果要强调某句话或某个意思，通常会通过大声，慢速，短句子，或某个动作来完成。在写作中，我们也可以采用一些方式，来达到使某个句子或某个意思被强调的功能。这样，说出来的句子才会灵活而有力。
在一篇文章当中，通常会有一些句子是比别的句子更重要的，因为他们会传达更重要。此时，这些句子就应该被强调一下。通常我们可以通过短句子，句子片段，倒装，排比，圆周句，祈使句，感叹句，反问句等等方式来实现。
- 1、短句子：
短句子比长句子更有力量，短促而有力，特别是在开头或结尾部分。短句子更适合表达重要的事实和观点，而长句子更适合解释观点和理论，或描述一些细节。如：
如上的短句提出了一些重要的建议，如果把这些短句改成长句子，就不会有这样的力量和清晰度。再如：
上面的很多短句生动形象地描绘了男人的快速动作，使读者有一种感受这个男人的紧张感觉。相反，长句子往往出现在有关法律的，政治的，理论等的写作。如：
从这段短文中我们可以看出，作者试图对抽象的概念如“艺术”和“感觉”下定义，或作出解释。因为“艺术”和“感觉”本身就是复杂的，所以一定要通过很多个单词才能将其解释清楚，进而防止误解。
这三段文字是奥巴马竞选成功后在芝加哥的演讲词，这实际上是三句话，每句话自成一段。我们可以看出他想要解释的词很简单，是the answer，（因为上文有tonight is your answer）但由于各种因素，包括历史政治文化等，使得这样一个answer带有很多层面的意义，所以这样的一个意义不能通过简单句来表达，而只有通过长句子才能使整个讲话更有水平，更能显示历史的复杂性，以及奥巴马的决心。
- 2、句子片段：
句子片段通常是不允许出现的，因为不符合句子的标准（参考五种简单句）。但如果应用得当，会起到意想不到的强调效果，因为句子片段本身所含单词不多，均为强调。如：
句子片段会起到强调效果，但不能盲目使用，如果使用多了，会给读者一种很不正式的感觉。大家在写作文的时候，只有偶尔使用一处到两处的片段，当然还得是正确使用，才会起到强调或加强语气的效果。
- 3、倒装句：
倒装句因为其句式特殊，天然的就有强调句的作用。如：
In rushed the noisy children.
The poet was born poor and poor he remained all his life.
So precious is time that we can not afford to waste it.
On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
At no time can we ignore the environmental protection.
By no means shall we cease to protect our environment.
Success teaches us something about ourselves. So does failure.
- 4、平行结构或排比结构：
相似的结构会产生一种强调的效果，是语言苍劲有力。
The school bus skidded turned sideways and came to a stop.
I don't know why I married someone who is miserly sloppy and boring.
I debated whether to give the beggar money or to offer him food.
They would lie on the battlefield for hours and sometimes for days.
This could be a problem for both the winners and losers.
Government of the people by the people for the people shall not perish from the earth.
- 5、具有强调性的短语或单词：
This is the very dictionary I have been looking for.
The director himself told me this news.
Do tell us about your recent Antarctic expedition.
His latest novel is by far the best he has ever written.
This theatre is far better than the one we went to last time.
I am so hungry that I will eat whatever food I can find.
What on earth are the children doing in the next room?
I do not like the play at all.
You can buy everything under the sun in this department store.
Many peasants have motorcycles not to mention TV sets and recorders.
等等强调方法
五、变化
英语的句子应该是多变的。试想，如果你读了一篇文章，通篇都是相同的句式结构，句子长度都一样，主语都是名词或代词，完全是五种简单句，这样的文章还会生动而有吸引力吗？当然不会。相反，这样的文章会很枯燥，无聊。
一般来说，如果多个长句中穿插短句，多个复杂句里面穿插简单句，多个松散句里面穿插圆周句，偶然使用一下疑问句，倒装句，感叹句等等，都无疑会使文章很丰富多彩。不过也应该记得，多样性也是为了文章思想而服务的，一篇文章思想内容永远是第一位的。如果一味的追求句式的变化多样，而导致语言不连贯，意思破碎不完整，那么这是适得其反的。
如下一篇文章，是丘吉尔在希特勒袭击苏联时发表的一片著名的演讲，语言大气磅礴，苍劲有力，句式灵活多变，很有感染力和煽动力。
丘吉尔用了很多强有力的表达，下面我们简单找出几句来分析一下。
反问句：
Can you doubt what our policy will be?
重复：
Now at once without a day’s delay; one aim and one single irrevocable purpose
排比：
We shall fight him by land; we shall fight him by see;
Any man or State who fights against Nazism will have our aid. Any man or State who marches with Hitler is our foe.
句子片段：Nothing!
通过这样的一些句子结构，使得丘吉尔的演讲慷概激昂，很能打动人心。一个好的演讲家也应该是一个优秀的修辞学家或文体学家，因为他们通过改变句子的结构而是平实的句子大放异彩。我们虽然在平时写作中达不到这一点，但努力向其学习还是很有必要和好处的！
（完）
