新编英语语言学第二版复习重点(陈新仁英语语言学实用教程)
新编英语语言学第二版复习重点(陈新仁英语语言学实用教程)语言的功能,语言的起源,语言的区别性特征及语言习得等。【本章考点】2.The defining features of language 语言的区别性特征3. The origin of language 语言的起源4. The acquisition of language 语言的习得
第1章 导言
1.1 复习笔记
【本章要点】
1.The functions of language 语言的功能
2.The defining features of language 语言的区别性特征
3. The origin of language 语言的起源
4. The acquisition of language 语言的习得
【本章考点】
语言的功能,语言的起源,语言的区别性特征及语言习得等。
I.The languages of the world
II.The functions of language
1 Phatic
2 Directive
3 Informative
4 Interrogative
5 Expressive/Emotive
6 Evocativ
7 Performative
8 Recreational
9. Metalinguistic
III.The defining features of language
1.Arbitrariness
2.Duality
3.Creativity
4.Displacement
5. Cultural Transmission
IV.The origin of language
1.The bow-wow theory
2.The pooh-pooh theory
3.The ding-dong theory
4.The yo-he-ho theory
5.The ta-ta theory
6.The ta-ra-ra-boom-de-ay theory
V. The acquisition of language
1.Features of language acquisition
2.Stages of language acquisition
VI.linguistics:The science of language
1.Definition
2.Branch
3.Character
I.The languages of the world(世界上的语言)
6 800 known languages are spoken in 200 countries of the world.
世界上共有6800多种语言,被200多个国家的人们所使用。There are more than 100 language families in the world.世界上共有一百多个语系。
II.The functions of language(语言的功能)
1.Phatic:Hi.
寒暄功能。例:你好。
2.Directive:Shut up!
指令功能。例:闭嘴!
3.Informative: The sun rises in the east.
信息功能。例:太阳从东边升起。
4.Interrogative: Do you know his hobby?
询问功能。例:你知道他的爱好吗?
5.Expressive/Emotive:I love her.
表达功能。例:我爱她。
6.Evocative:What do you think of Tom?
感情功能。例:你觉得汤姆怎么样?
7.Performative:I hereby declare the sports meeting open.
施为功能。例:我特此宣布运动会开始。
8.Recreational: Funny jokes make people laugh.娱乐功能。例:有趣的笑话使人发笑。
9.Metalinguistic:Use language to explain language itself.
元语言功能。例:用语言谈论语言本身。
III.The defining features of language(语言的区别性特征)
1.Arbitrariness(任意性)
A word as a symbolic unit has both form and meaning. At usual however the relation between theform and the meaning is arbitrary. In other words there is no inherent connection between the formand the meaning.
作为象征性符号,单词拥有形式和意义。然而,通常形式和意义之间的关系是任意的,换言之,二者之间没有内在联系。
2.Duality(二重性)
Duality refers to the fact that language has two levels of structure: at the lower level languageincludes a series of meaningless elements; at the higher level these meaningless elements formmeaningful units such as words and so on.
二重性是指语言拥有两层结构的属性,在底层结构,语言含有一系列无意义的音素;在上层结构,这些无意义的符号组成有意义的单位,如单词等。
3.Creativity(创造性)
“Creativity” sometimes also called “productivity” refers to the ability to produce and understand manynew symbols many of which have never been heard before.
创造性指语言的能产性,它能够使人造出和理解许多新符号,其中很多是以前从未听过的。
4.Displacement(移位性)
Displacement refers to a Characteristic of language that allows users to talk about things and eventsother than those occurring in the here and now.
移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体、事件和观点,超越过去、现在和将来。
5.Cultural transmission(文化传递性)
Language is not genetically inherited. Instead it is passed down from generation to generation bylearning.
语言不是靠遗传,而是通过学习代代相传的。
Natural languages have a lot in common. The common properties shared by all natural languages arecalled “universals”.Here are some of them:
自然语言有很多共同之处。所有自然语言共有的共同属性被称为“普遍性”。以下是其中一些:
(1) Where there are humans there is language.
(2) The vocabulary of any language can be expanded to include new words for new concepts.
(3) All languages can change over time.
(4)All grammars contain similar rules for the formation of words and sentences
(5) All languages have similar grammatical categories (e.g. nouns verbs).
(1)哪里有人类,哪里就有语言。
(2)任何语言的词汇量都可以扩充,包括新概念的新词汇。
(3)所有的语言都是随着时间而变化的。
(4)所有的语法都包含类似的单词和句子的构成规则。
(5)所有语言都有相似的语法范畴(如名词、动词)
IV.The origin of language(语言的起源)
1.The bow-wow theory(“汪汪”理论)
Primitive language was the imitation of natural sounds such as the sound of animals the barking ofdogs and so on.
语言是模仿自然的声音,例如动物的叫声,狗叫声等。
2.The pooh-pooh theory(“噗噗”理论)
Language comes from people's instinctive cries.
语言来源于人本能的情感声音。
3.The ding-dong theory(“叮咚”理论)
Language originated out of a natural correspondence between objects of sense perception and thevocal noises which were part of early humans' reaction to them.
语言来源于事物感知与声音之间自然天生的联系,这是人们天然的发声反应。
4.The yo-he-ho theory(“哟-嘿-吼”理论)
Speech started with the rhythmic chants and grunts people used to coordinate their physical actionswhen they worked together.
语言基于人们在做重体力劳动时所产生的咕噜声和呻吟声。
5.The ta-ta theory(模仿理论)
Human language originated from using tongue movements to mimic manual gestures.人类语言源于通过使用舌头和嘴巴来模仿手势。
6.The ta-ra-ra-boom-de-ay theory(“塔拉啦布德瑞”理论)
Language might originate from ritual dance and incantation.在舞会及咒语中也会产生语言。
V.The acquisition of language(语言的习得)
1.Features of language acquisition(语言习得的特征)
(1)universally successful普遍成功
(2) no explicit instruction无明确指导
(3)rapid迅速的
(4)conditional有条件的
2.Stages of language acquisition(语言习得的阶段)
(1) babbling period: from birth to around 6 months some sounds can be produced;
牙牙学语阶段:从出生到6个月,能发一些音;
(2) syllabic speech period: at about 8 months syllables like [mama] can be produced instead ofbabbled sounds;
音节发音阶段:8个月左右,能够发出“mama”代替含糊不清的音;
(3)single-word stage: at about 1 year old first words no grammar; carry out simple commands;
单音节阶段:1岁左右,单音节无语法,能执行简单的命令;
(4) onset of speech: 18 months learn 3-50 words;
语言初步习得:18个月,学会3-50个单词;
(5) two-word utterances stage: at 2 years old; startcreation of two-word phrases (begin to learngrammar);
双音节阶段:2岁,能自己造词(开始习得语法);
(6) full-understanding stage:2.5 years old;
完全理解阶段:2岁半;
(7) near adult-speech: at 3 years old; overgeneralization of inflections;
接近成年阶段:3岁,屈折变化的高度概括;
(8) adult speech:4 years old.
成年阶段:4岁。
3.Theory of children language acquisition(儿童语言习得理论)
(1)Definition(定义)
Some scholars believe that the reason children can learn language is because adults speak to them in aspecial “simplified” language called motherese care-takerese or child directed speech(CDS)(moreinformally baby talk).
一些学者认为,儿童之所以能够学习语言,是因为成年人用一种特殊的“简化”语言与他们交谈,这种语言有时被称为“母亲语”“看护语”或“儿童直接语言”(CDS)(更通俗的说法是“婴儿语”)。
One theory of child language acquisition holds that children learn to produce “correct” sentencesbecause they get positive reinforcement when they say the right thing and negative reinforcementwhen they say the wrong thing.
儿童语言习得理论认为,儿童学习“正确”的句子是因为当他们说正确的事情时,他们会得到积极的强化,而当他们说错误的事情时,他们会得到消极的强化。
VI.Linguistics:The science of language(语言学:语言的科学)
1.Definition(定义)
The scientific study of language makes is called linguistics.
对语言的科学研究即为语言学。
2.Branch(分支)
(1)Core branches within the scope of theoretical linguistics
核心分支,理论语言学范围内
Such as phonetics and phonology morphology syntax semantics and pragmatics如语音学、音位学、形态学、句法、语义学和语用学
(2) Peripheral branches under the umbrella of applied linguistics
边缘分支,应用语言学范围下
Such as sociolinguistics psycholinguistics neurolinguistics anthropological linguistics languagepedagogy first/second language acquisition clinic linguistics computational linguistics etc.
Such as sociolinguistics psycholinguistics neurolinguistics anthropological linguistics languagepedagogy first/second language acquisition clinic linguistics computational linguistics etc.
如社会语言学、心理语言学、神经语言学、人类学语言学、语言教学法、第一/第二语言习得、临床语言学、计算语言学等。
3.Character(特点)
(1) synchronic approach over diachronic approach
相比历时法,更偏向于共时法。
(2) descriptivism over prescriptivism
相比于规范主义,更倾向于描写主义。
相比于书面语言,更倾向于口头语言。
(3) spoken language over written language
1.2课后习题详解
第2章 英语语音
2.1 复习笔记
2.2课后习题详解
第3章 英语语言单位
3.1复习笔记
3.2课后习题详解
第4章 英语语言结构(1)
4.1 复习笔记
4.2 课后习题详解
第5章 英语语言结构(II)
5.1复习笔记
5.2课后习题详解
第6章 英语语言意义(1)
6.1复习笔记
6.2课后习题详解
第7章 英语语言意义(II)
7.1 复习笔记
7.2课后习题详解
第8章 英语语言的应用(1)
8.1复习笔记
8.2课后习题详解
第9章 英语语言的应用(II)
9.1 复习笔记
9.2课后习题详解
第10章 英语语言的应用(III)
10.1 复习笔记
10.2课后习题详解
第11章 英语语言的应用(IV)
11.1 复习笔记
11.2课后习题详解
第12章 英语的认知研究
12.1复习笔记
12.2课后习题详解
第13章 英语语言变体(1)
13.1复习笔记
13.2课后习题详解
第14章 英语语言变体(II)
14.1 复习笔记
14.2课后习题详解
第15章 英语习得
15.1 复习笔记
15.2课后习题详解
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陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》(第2版)