周四周二怎么记（周二分享十二控制的原则）
周四周二怎么记（周二分享十二控制的原则）In general the internal and external environment that managers face in the process of control is complex and changeable and the factors that affect organizational performance are also diverse. It is unrealistic and uneconomical to "focus on eyebrows and beard". This requires managers to be good at grasping the key issues and focusing on some major factors affecting the implementation of
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制定的控制标准必须与组织的理念与目标相一致，对员工的工作行为具有指引和导向作用，并便于对各项工作及其成果进行检查和评价。有效的控制标准应该满足简明性、适用性、一致性、可行性、可操作性、相对稳定性和前瞻性的要求，这些要求在第三节控制的过程中会有详细的介绍。
The control standards formulated must be consistent with the organization's philosophy and objectives guide and guide the employees' work behavior and facilitate the inspection and evaluation of various works and their achievements. Effective control standards should meet the requirements of simplicity applicability consistency feasibility operability relative stability and forward-looking. These requirements will be described in detail in Section III Control Process.
(二)控制关键点原则
一般而言，管理者在控制过程中所面临的内外环境是复杂多变的 影响组织绩效的因素也是多种多样的 “眉毛胡子一把抓”既不现实也是不经济的。这就需要管理者善于把握问题的关键，将注意力集中于计划执行中的一些主要影响因素上。事实上，控制住了关键点，也就控制住了全局。现实中，选择关键点除了要有丰富的经验、敏锐的洞察力和决策能力外，还可以借助有关的方法。例如要想在有着众多作业的大型项目中控制整个工期的时间进度，就可以借助计划评审技术来确定关键路线和关键作业，而控制关键作业的进度就可以控制整个工期。美国的北极星导弹研制工程和杜邦化工厂的建造就是由于运用了计划评审技术而使工期大大缩短的。
（2） Control key point principle
In general the internal and external environment that managers face in the process of control is complex and changeable and the factors that affect organizational performance are also diverse. It is unrealistic and uneconomical to "focus on eyebrows and beard". This requires managers to be good at grasping the key issues and focusing on some major factors affecting the implementation of the plan. In fact if you control the key points you control the overall situation. In reality in addition to rich experience keen insight and decision-making ability you can also use relevant methods to select key points. For example If you want to control the time schedule of the whole construction period in a large project with many operations you can use the plan review technology to determine the critical path and key operations and controlling the progress of key operations can control the entire construction period. The Polaris missile development project and DuPont chemical plant construction in the United States have greatly shortened the construction period due to the application of plan review technology.
(三）控制趋势原则
由于管理控制中往往存在时间滞后的问题 所以面向未来的控制趋势就至关重要。对控制全局的管理者来说，重要的通常不是现状本身，而是现状所预示的趋势。但由于趋势往往为现象所掩盖，不易察觉，控制变化的趋势比仅仅改变现状要困难得多。当趋势可以明显地描绘成一条曲线 或是可以描述为某种数学模型时，控制起来就为时已晚了。控制趋势的关键在于从现状中揭示趋势，特别是在趋势显露苗头时就明察秋毫。例如 在美国汽车市场上 日本汽车公司就是在美国几大汽车厂商的眼皮底下慢慢蚕食了其市场份额的 等到对方意识到问题的严重性时，日本汽车已经在市场上占有了一席之地 不容易被打败了。
（3） Principle of trend control
Because of the time lag problem in management control the future oriented control trend is crucial. For managers who control the overall situation what is important is not the current situation itself but the trend predicted by the current situation. However as the trend is often covered by the phenomenon and is not easy to detect it is much more difficult to control the trend of change than to just change the status quo. When the trend can be clearly described as a curve or a mathematical model it is too late to control it. The key to controlling the trend is to reveal the trend from the current situation especially when the trend shows signs. For example in the American automobile market Japanese automobile companies slowly encroached on their market shares under the eyes of the major American automobile manufacturers. By the time the other side realized the seriousness of the problem Japanese automobiles had occupied a place in the market and were not easy to be defeated.
(四）直接控制原则
直接控制是相对于间接控制而言的。间接控制是指根据计划和标准考核工作的实际结果，分析出现偏差的原因，并追究责任者的个人责任以使其改进未来工作的一种控制方法，多见于上级管理者对下级人员工作过程的控制。显然，间接控制的缺点是在出现了偏差、造成损失之后才采取措施，代价较大，因此，直接控制就变得尤为重要。直接控制着眼于培养更好的主管人员，使他们能熟练地应用管理的概念、技术和原理，能以系统的观点来进行和改善他们的管理工作。通常，管理者及其下属的素质越高，对所担负的职务越能胜任，也就越能事先察觉偏差，及时采取预防措施，于是就越不需要进行间接控制 进而会减少偏差的发生以及降低进行间接控制的费用。
（4） Direct control principle
Direct control is relative to indirect control. Indirect control refers to a control method that analyzes the causes of deviations according to the actual results of the plan and standard assessment work and holds the responsible person accountable so that he can improve his future work. It is often seen in the control of the work process of the subordinate personnel by the superior manager. Obviously the disadvantage of indirect control is that measures are taken only after deviations and losses occur which is costly. Therefore direct control becomes particularly important. Direct control focuses on cultivating better executives enabling them to skillfully apply management concepts technologies and principles and to conduct and improve their management work from a systematic perspective. Generally the higher the quality of managers and their subordinates the more competent they are to their duties and the more they can detect deviations in advance and take preventive measures in time the less need for indirect control which will reduce the occurrence of deviations and the cost of indirect control.
(五)例外原则
管理者越是集中精力对例外情况进行控制，控制的效果就会越好。该原则认为，管理者不可能控制所有活动，而应把控制的主要精力集中于一些重要的例外偏差上 以取得更高的控制效能和效率。需要指出的是，仅仅注意例外情况是不够的，对它们也要区别对待。有些例外情况，如利润的下降、产品废品率的上升、顾客投诉的增加等必须引起重视。实际中，例外原则必须与控制关键点原则相结合，集中精力于关键点的例外情况控制。
（5） Exception principle
The more managers focus on controlling exceptions the better the control effect will be. According to this principle managers cannot control all activities but should focus on some important exceptions to achieve higher control efficiency and efficiency. It should be pointed out that it is not enough to only pay attention to exceptions and they should also be treated differently. Some exceptions such as the decline in profits the rise in product scrap rates and the increase in customer complaints must be paid attention to. In practice the exception principle must be combined with the principle of controlling key points and focus on the exception control of key points.
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翻译来源于谷歌翻译
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