大脑白质的三种纤维（基础大脑白质纤维学习笔记）
大脑白质的三种纤维（基础大脑白质纤维学习笔记）②钩束The uncinate fasciculus is a curved fibre bundle. It connects the inferior frontal gyrus and the orbital gyri of the frontal lobe to the hippocampus and amygdaloid nucleus of the temporal lobe. Thus it connects the limbic areas of the cerebral hemispheres. 钩束是一个弯曲的纤维束。它连接额叶的额下回和眶回与颞叶的海马和杏仁核。因而，它连接大脑半球的边缘叶区域。扣带（束带状）位于扣带回中。它从终板旁回延伸到钩。扣带是边缘系统的PAPEZ环路的一部分。1、Short-association fibres which connect
大脑功能的实现离不开灰质内的神经元胞体，更离不开由神经元突起组成的脑白质纤维。脑白质起到承上启下、各神经结构互为沟通的作用。
The interior of each cerebral hemisphereconsists of a core of white matter which is composed of myelinated nervefibres. The fibres of white matter are classified into three types每侧大脑半球包含一个白质核心，它由有髓鞘神经纤维组成，这些白质纤维可以分为三种类型: ①Association fibres联络纤维，②Commissural fibres连合纤维，③Projection fibres投射纤维。
一、联络纤维（association fibers）
联络纤维是把同一半球的大脑皮层的不同部分连接起来。它们有两种类型：
1、Short-association fibres which connect the adjacent gyri to each other.短联络纤维，它们联络相邻的脑回。
2、Long-association fibres which connect the gyri located at a distance from each other.长联络纤维，它们联络彼此相距很远的脑回。
①扣带 cingulum (girdle-shaped)
扣带（束带状）位于扣带回中。它从终板旁回延伸到钩。扣带是边缘系统的PAPEZ环路的一部分。
②钩束The uncinate fasciculus is a curved fibre bundle. It connects the inferior frontal gyrus and the orbital gyri of the frontal lobe to the hippocampus and amygdaloid nucleus of the temporal lobe. Thus it connects the limbic areas of the cerebral hemispheres. 钩束是一个弯曲的纤维束。它连接额叶的额下回和眶回与颞叶的海马和杏仁核。因而，它连接大脑半球的边缘叶区域。
③上纵束The superior longitudinal fasciculus is a long bundle that begins in the frontal lobe and arches back via the parietal lobe to the occipital lobe from where it turns into the temporal lobe. Thus it connects the occipital lobe to the frontal eye field. (The arcuate fasciculus is a bundle of axons that forms part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus that connects temporal lobe and the frontal lobe. Thus it connects the sensory and motor speech areas to each other in the dominant hemisphere). 上纵束是从额叶开始经顶叶弓背向后到枕叶和从顶叶弓背向后到颞叶的长束。因此，它连接枕叶与额眼动区。(弓形束）是连接颞叶与额叶的一束轴突，是上纵束的一部分。因此，它在优势半球中使感觉性语言区和运动性语言区互相联络)。
④下纵束The inferior longitudinal fasciculus connects the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe.下纵束连接着枕叶与颞叶。
⑤额枕束The fronto-occipital fasciculus connects frontal to occipital and temporal lobes. It is lateral to caudate nucleus lies medial to the superior longitudinal fasciculus and is separated from it by corona radiata.额枕束连接着额叶与枕叶和颞叶。额枕束位于尾状核的外侧上纵束的内侧，并由放射冠将额枕束与上纵束分开。
⑥垂直束The perpendicular fasciculus connects the parietal lobe to the occipital lobe and the posterior part of temporal lobe.垂直束连接着顶叶与枕叶和颞叶后部。
二、连合纤维（commissual fibers）
The commissural fibres cross the midline and connect functionally identical parts of the two hemispheres. Note: All fibres crossing from one side of the brain or spinal cord to the opposite side are not commissural fibres. When fibres originating in a mass of grey matter in one-half of the central nervous system (CNS) end in some other mass of grey matter in the opposite half they are referred to as decussating fibres and the sites where such crossings take place are referred to as decussations.连合纤维穿过中线并连接两个半球的功能上相同的部分。注意：所有从大脑或脊髓一侧向相反侧交叉的纤维不是连合纤维。当起源于中枢神经系统（CNS）的一半的灰质团中的纤维束终止于另一半的灰质团时，它们被称为交叉纤维束，并且发生这种交叉的部位称为纤维束交叉。
①胼胝体The corpus callosum is the largest commissure of the brain connecting various parts of neocortex of both the hemispheres.胼胝体是连接两侧大脑半球新皮质不同部位的最大的连合纤维。
②前连合The anterior commissure connects the right and left temporal lobes. It is in the shape of a cupid’s bow. It crosses the midline in the upper part of the lamina terminalis anterior to the columns of fornix.前连合连接着左右颞叶。其状如“丘比特弓”。它在穹窿柱的前方穿过终板上部的中线。
③缰连合The habenular commissure is located in the superior lamella of the pineal stalk and is a part of epithalamus. It connects the habenular nuclei of both sides.缰核连合位于松果体的上板层，是上丘脑的一部分。它连接着两侧的缰核。
④后连合The posterior commissure is located in the inferior lamella of the pineal stalk and is a part of brainstem. It connects the nuclei of III IV VI and VIII cranial nerves. 后连合位于松果体的下板层，是脑干的一部分。它连接了III、IV、VI和VIII颅神经的神经核。
⑤海马连合或穹窿连合The hippocampal commissure or commissure of fornix connects the hippocampus of the two sides to each other.海马连合/穹窿连合连接着两侧的海马。
三、投射纤维（projection fibers）
The projection fibres connect the cerebral cortex to other regions of CNS below it by corticopetal or ascending and corticofugal or descending fibres.投射纤维通过到达皮质的上行纤维和离开皮质的下行纤维来连接大脑皮质与中枢神经系统的其他区域。
Projection Fibre Bundles投射纤维束：
①辐射冠 corona radiata
辐射冠是由投射纤维组成的白质团，从大脑皮层向内囊汇聚，从内囊向皮质扇形发出。
②内囊 internal capsule
内囊传递皮质发出的投射纤维，如皮质脊髓、皮质核和皮质桥脑神经纤维。这些纤维产生于大脑皮层，终止于下级神经元（如前角细胞、脑干的颅神经核和脑桥核）。
内囊还有向皮质的丘脑辐射（包括大脑皮层和丘脑核之间的连接）通过。这些纤维呈扇形扇出，形成放射冠，尾部致密形成中脑的大脑脚。这些纤维大部分通过内侧的丘脑和尾状核与外侧的豆状核之间的间隙，形成一个称为内囊的厚纤维片。
③外囊 external capsule
外囊是一束纤维，位于豆状核的壳核外侧并含有皮质纹状体纤维。
④穹窿 fornix
穹窿由投射纤维、连合纤维和联络纤维组成，起自海马。穹窿中的投射纤维连接到下丘脑的乳头体的神经元。穹窿连合纤维在胼胝体压部的下方与对侧穹窿交叉，终止于对侧海马。穹窿内的联络纤维连接海马与邻近的海马旁回和隔区。
参考书目：
格氏解剖学
唐寅达博士翻译的RHoton解剖视频
《Inderbir Singh's Textbook of Human Neuroanatomy Fundamental and Clinical》
《Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy Vol.3 15th ed》
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