怎么学好英语被动语态(被动语态学习及其几种常见错误讲解)
怎么学好英语被动语态(被动语态学习及其几种常见错误讲解)教室每天被打扫。被动句:The classroom was cleaned every day.同一件事情既可以通过主动句来表达,又可以通过被动句来表达,现在我们着重学习英语中被动语态。比如:主动句:The students cleaned the classroom every day.学生每天打扫教室。
1 、语态的基本概念
语态(Voice)是动词的一种形式,用来表明主语与谓语之间的关系。
英语动词有两种语态:主动语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(Passive Voice)。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。谓语动词是主动语态的句子叫主动句,谓语动词是被动语态的句子叫被动句。
同一件事情既可以通过主动句来表达,又可以通过被动句来表达,现在我们着重学习英语中被动语态。比如:
主动句:The students cleaned the classroom every day.
学生每天打扫教室。
被动句:The classroom was cleaned every day.
教室每天被打扫。
2 被动语态的构成
被动语态由"助动词be 及物动词的过去分词"构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化,其变化规则与连系动词be完全一样。
主动语态的时态共有16种,而被动语态没有完在进行时,也没有将来进行时,所以可以用一般将来时被动语态替代将来进行时被动语态,用现在完成时被动语态替代现在完成进行时被动语态。又如:
This subject will be discussed by us tomorrow morning.
(不能用…will be discussing...)
明天早上这个题目将由我们讨论。
The machine has been repaired for two hours.
(不能用…has been being repaired…)
这台机器已经修了2个钟头了。
3 使用被动语态的几种情况:
由于英语和汉语两种语言表达习惯不同,英语使用被动语态的频率比汉语多得多。初学者受汉语影响,常常在应该用被动语态时没用而出错。所以,有必要弄清楚英语在什么情况下必须使用被动语态。一般来说,在下列情况下应该使用被动语态。比如:
(1)为了委婉、礼貌而避免提及自己或者对方。比如:
This question has been discussed a lot before.
关于这个问题,已经谈得不少了。
(意思是说大家不要再谈论了。)
You are wished to do it better next time.
希望你下一次做得更好一些。
(谁希望,不愿或者不便说出来。)
(2)在不知道动作执行者是谁。比如:
His car has been stolen.
他的车被人偷了。
(是谁偷的,不知道。)
You are wanted on the phone.
你有电话找。
(是谁找,不知道。)
(3)在动作执行者是泛指或不言自明。比如:
The latest magazine must not be taken away from the library.
图书馆的最新杂志不得带走。
(人从都不得带走,泛指)
The People's Republic of China was founded on October 1 1949.
中华人民共和国在1949年10月1日成立。
(不言而喻是由共产党成立的。)
(4)在文章标题、广告、新闻等中常用省略助动词be的被动语态。比如:
Telephone call placed.
(TCP)电话接通了。
(省略了has been的被动语态。)
Girls Wanted.
招女工。
(广告用语,省略了助动词are)
Road Blocked.
道路堵塞。
(新闻报道,省略了助动词is)
(5)当动作的承受者是谈话中心或者特别需要强调时。比如:
My TV set has been fixed.
我的电视机修好了。
(电视机修好了是谈话的主旨,是谁修好无关紧要,不必提及。)
At last an agreement was reached.
终于达成了一项协议。
(强调的是达成协议。至于与谁达成协议,不必提及)
(6)为了使结构紧凑、简练而使用被动语态。比如:
Our headmaster often talked to his children and was always listened to attentively.
校长经常和他的学生谈话,学生们总是用心听他讲。
(下半句用被动语态显然要比and they always listened to him attentively简练得多。)
Women were looked down upon by people in many countries throughout the world in the past.
过去,世界上许多国家都轻视妇女。
(如果改用主动语态来表达,就会头重脚轻。这种句子译成汉语时则要用主动语态,即倒过来译。)
(7)商务书信中多用被动语态。比如:
Your letter has been received.
来信收到。(这是公文来往的用语,朋友之间若这么写就显得太冷漠了。)
Your complaint is being looked into.
你的投诉正在调查之中。
(8)当动作的执行者不是人时。比如:
We were all shocked by her sudden appearance.
她的突然出现使我们惊愕不已。
His home was completely destroyed by the fire.
他家被火烧得一干二净。
4 主动语态变被动语态常见错误
(1)语态错误。比如:
Children often sing this song.
孩子们经常唱这首歌。
错误:This song was often sung by children.
正确:This song is often sung by children.
解析:由主动语态变为被动语态,只是谓语动词从主动式到被动式的转变,时态不能改变,即主动句用什么时态,变为被动句时还要用同一种时态。
(2)误用句子种类。比如:
Do they make those bikes in their workshop?
他们在车间生产自行车吗?
错误:Those bikes are made in their workshop.
正确:Are those bikes made in their workshop?
解析:主动语态变被动语态,句子的种类(陈述句、否定句、疑问句)不能改变。如果主动句是一般疑问句,变为被动句时,也要用一般疑问句形式。
(3)错选宾语。比如:
The teacher gave some advice to the student.
老师给学生一些意见。
错误:The student was given some advice to by the teacher.
正确:Some advice was given to the student by the teacher.
解析:the student是介词to 的宾语。变为被动语态时不能作为句子的主语,应把紧跟在谓语后的宾语(some advice)变为句子的主语。
(4)主谓不一致。比如:
He usually watches TV in the evening.
他通常在晚上看电视。
错误:TV was usually watched in the evening.
正确:TV is usually watched in the evening.
解析:被语态的谓语动词结构be p.p.中的be应和其主语(即原来主动语态中的宾语)在人称和数上保持一致。
(5)漏用动词短语中的介词或者副词。比如:
They are setting up a big factory.
他们正在建一个大工厂。
错误:A big factory is being set.
正确:A big factory is being set up.
解析:不及物动词没有被动语态形式,但不及物动词后加上一个介词或者副词构成的短语动词,相当于一个及物动词,可以变为被动式。比如:set up是一种固定搭配,set不能表达set up(建造)的意思,所以set后面的up不能除去。
(6)漏加介词to。比如:
I will bring you a book next week.
下周我将带本书给你。
错误:A book will be given you next week.
正确:A book will be given to you next week.
解析:含有双宾语的句子变成被动语态时,如果把表示"物"的直接宾语作为被动语态的主语,要在原来的表示"人"的间接宾语(保留宾语)前加上介词to。常带双宾语的动词有give pass send bring show tell lend teach buy等,但buy常和for搭配,不用to。
(7)混淆过去分词词形。比如:
这个学校是什么时候创办的?
错误:When was the school found?
正确:When was the school founded?
解析:动词find意为"发现、找到",其过去式和过去分词都是found。由于found(建立)正好和find的过去分词形式一样,所以经常被误认为found就是"建立、成立"的过去分词,这是错误的。
(8)误用助动词。比如:
Did the nurse leave the baby by herself?
保姆把婴儿单独留在那里吗?
错误:Did the baby left by herself?
正确:Was the baby left by herself?
解析:在疑问或者否定形式的主动句中 谓语动词经常由"助动词do/does/did(not) 动词原形"构成。变成被动句时,谓语动词就变成了"助动词be p.p."的形式,be的时态由主动句的时态而定。
(9)误用被动语态的构成形式。比如:
He has emptied the drawers.
他把抽屉腾空了。
错误:The drawers have emptied by him.
正确:The drawers have been emptied by him.
解析:被动语态的构成是be p.p.。其中be的时态是可变的,各种时态的被动语态形式只需要把be变为与主动语态中相应的各种时态就行了。最容易出错的是现在进行时(莫忘be后加being)和现在完成时(莫忘have或has后加been)的被动语态形式。
(10)漏加不定式to。比如:
I heard her sing a song.
我听了她唱歌。
错误:She was heard sing a song.
正确:She was heard to sing a song.
解析:在主动句中,感官动词(比如see watch hear等)和使役动词(比如make let have等)后面跟不定式作宾语补足语时不带to,但变成被动句时,原来作宾语补足语的不定式就变成了主语补足语,必须在不定式前加上to。
(11)错省介词by。比如:
Who wrote this novel?
谁写了这本小说?
错误:Who was this novel written?
正确:Who was this novel written by?
解析:主动句是以who what which等作主语开头的特殊疑问句 变为被动句时 介词by不能省略。它可以放在被动结构后面 也可以和疑问代词who what或者which一起放在句首 但who须用宾格形式。比如:What made you so troubled? =By what were you made to troubled? (你被什么搞得这么心烦意乱的?)
(12)错用被动式。比如:
Great changes have taken place in our country since 1980.
自从1980年以来,我们国家发生了巨大的变化。
错误:Great changes have been taken place in our country since 1980.
解析:不及物动词不能用被动形式,take place(发生)在此相当于happen,是不及物动词。
(13)错用固定结构。比如:
We are going to set up a new university here.
我们将在这里建一所新的大学。
错误:A new university is going to set up here.
正确:A new university is going to be set up here.
解析:含有固定结构be going to have to had better等的主动句变为被动句时,可以把这些固定结构视为情态动词,按照含情态动词的被动形式变化,即"情态动词 be p.p."。
总结完毕,希望对大家学习英语被动语态有帮助!