有机化学的主要知识点：有机化学 简单理解

有机化学的主要知识点：有机化学 简单理解1823年，弗里德里希·沃勒（FriedrichWöhler）在德国完成医学研究后，在斯德哥尔摩度过了一年的时光，当时他是当时世界上最重要的化学家之一，约翰·雅各布·贝泽留乌斯（JönsJacob Berzelius）。 后来，沃勒（Wöhler）继续从事杰出的独立事业，其中大部分时间都在哥廷根大学（University ofGöttingen）工作。他在1828年发表的一篇简短论文中被人铭记，他在论文中指出，蒸发氰化铵水溶液时， 他获得了“无色透明晶体，通常长于一英寸”，这些晶体不是氰酸铵，而是尿素。 十八世纪进入十九世纪之前，许多科学家仍然赞成一种被称为生命主义的学说，该学说认为生命系统拥有非生命系统所没有的“生命力”。 人们认为，天然来源的物质（有机）与无机来源的物质根本不同。 人们认为无机化合物可以在实验室中合成，但是有机化合物不能-至少不是由无机材料合成 This transfo

Each element is characterized by a unique atomic number Z.Eighteenth-century chemists regarded their science as being composed of two branches.One dealt with substances obtained from natural or living sources and was called organic chemistry; the other dealt with materials from nonliving matter—minerals and the like—and was called inorganic chemistry. Over time combustion analysis established that the compounds derived from natural sources contained carbon and a new defi-nition of organic chemistry emerged: organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. This is the definition we still use today.

As the eighteenth century gave way to the nineteenth many scientists still subscribed to a doctrine known as vitalism which held that living systems possessed a “vital force” that was absent in nonliving systems. Substances derived from natural sources (organic) were thought to be fundamentally different from inorganic ones. It was believed that inorganic compounds could be synthesized in the laboratory but organic compounds could not—at least not from inorganic material

In 1823 Friedrich Wöhler after completing medical studies in Germany spent a year in Stockholm studying under one of the world’s foremost chemists of the time Jöns Jacob Berzelius. Wöhler subsequently went on to have a distinguished indepen-dent career spending most of it at the University of Göttingen.He is best remembered for a brief paper he published in 1828 in which he noted that on evaporating an aqueous solution of ammonium cyanate he obtained “colorless clear crystals often more than an inch long ” which were not ammonium cyanate but were instead urea

This transformation was remarkable at the time because an inorganic salt ammonium cyanate was converted to urea a known organic substance earlier isolated from urine. It is now recognized as a significant early step toward overturning the philosophy of vitalism. Although Wöhler himself made no extravagant claims concerning the relationship of his discovery to vitalist theory the die was cast and over the next generation organic chemistry outgrew vitalism. What particularly seemed to excite Wöhler and Berzelius had very little to do with vitalism.Berzelius was interested in cases in which two clearly different materials had the same elemental composition and he invented the word isomers to apply to them. Wöhler’s observation that an inorganic compound (ammonium cyanate) of molecular formula CH 4 N 2 O could be transformed into an organic compound (urea) of the same molecular formula had an important bearing on the concept of isomerism

From the concept of isomerism we can trace the origins of the structural theory—the idea that a specific arrangement of atoms uniquely defines a substance. Ammonium cyanate and urea are different compounds because they have different structures

每个元素的特征是唯一的原子序数Z。一种是处理从自然或生物来源获得的物质，被称为有机化学。 另一类涉及来自非生命物质的物质（矿物等），被称为无机化学。 随着时间的流逝，燃烧分析确定了源自自然资源的化合物包含碳，并且出现了有机化学的新定义：有机化学是对碳化合物的研究。 这是我们今天仍然使用的定义。

十八世纪进入十九世纪之前，许多科学家仍然赞成一种被称为生命主义的学说，该学说认为生命系统拥有非生命系统所没有的“生命力”。 人们认为，天然来源的物质（有机）与无机来源的物质根本不同。 人们认为无机化合物可以在实验室中合成，但是有机化合物不能-至少不是由无机材料合成

1823年，弗里德里希·沃勒（FriedrichWöhler）在德国完成医学研究后，在斯德哥尔摩度过了一年的时光，当时他是当时世界上最重要的化学家之一，约翰·雅各布·贝泽留乌斯（JönsJacob Berzelius）。 后来，沃勒（Wöhler）继续从事杰出的独立事业，其中大部分时间都在哥廷根大学（University ofGöttingen）工作。他在1828年发表的一篇简短论文中被人铭记，他在论文中指出，蒸发氰化铵水溶液时， 他获得了“无色透明晶体，通常长于一英寸”，这些晶体不是氰酸铵，而是尿素。

当时的这种转变非常引人注目，因为无机盐氰酸铵被转化为尿素，尿素是一种较早从尿液中分离出来的已知有机物质。 现在，它被认为是推翻生命主义哲学的重要的早期步骤。 尽管沃勒本人并没有对他的发现与生命主义理论之间的关系做出过分夸大的说法，但死因已成定局，并且在下一代有机化学中，生命力已超过生命主义。 Wöhler和Berzelius的特别兴奋之处似乎与活力主义无关.Berzelius对两种明显不同的材料具有相同元素组成的情况感兴趣，他发明了异构体一词来应用它们。 Wöhler的观察认为，分子式CH 4 N 2 O的无机化合物（氰酸铵）可以转化为相同分子式的有机化合物（尿素），这对异构性概念具有重要意义。

从异构主义的概念中，我们可以追溯结构理论的起源，即原子的特定排列唯一定义一种物质的想法。 氰酸铵和尿素是不同的化合物，因为它们具有不同的结构