实证主义是德国古典哲学吗（实证主义哲学思想简介）
实证主义是德国古典哲学吗（实证主义哲学思想简介）
A Brief Introduction to the Philosophy of Positivism
实证主义是现代西方哲学中的一个重要流派，是唯心主义经验论中的一个新形式。实证主义产生于十九世纪四十年代，创始人是法国哲学家孔德，主要代表人物还有英国哲学家斯宾塞、穆勒等人。经验批判主义是实证主义的一种类型，逻辑实证主义则是实证主义的发展，逻辑实证主义又称新实证主义。 后实证主义（post positivism）认为经验事实具有主观性，客观实在只能部分地认识，故自然科学方法不是唯一科学的方法。后实证主义的代表为库恩(T. S. Kuhn)。
实证主义者宣称客观世界是依赖于人的经验而存在，否定不依赖于人的经验而独立存在的客观实在，并且认为知识并不能证明客观实在的存在。他们把承认客观物质世界存在的哲学学说叫做"形而上学”，提出“取消形而上学”的口号。他们认为科学是主体感受的描述，并标榜自己是“科学的哲学家”。他们把自己的学说说成是既反对唯物主义又反对唯心主义的第三条路线。他们实质上是以此为烟幕，宣扬不可知论和主观唯心主义。列宁指出，实证主义“就是哲学上的可鄙的中间党派，它在每一个问题上都把唯物主义派别和唯心主义派别混淆起来”。
Positivism is an important school in modern western philosophy and a new form of idealistic empiricism. Positivism came into being in the 1840s. Its founder was the French philosopher Comte and its main representatives include the British philosophers Spencer and Muller. Empirical criticism is a type of positivism while logical positivism is the development of positivism which is also called new positivism.Post positivism believes that empirical facts are subjective and objective reality can only be partially understood so the natural science method is not the only scientific method. The representative of post positivism is T. S. Kuhn. Positivists claim that the objective world exists depending on human experience deny the objective reality that exists independently of human experience and believe that knowledge cannot prove the existence of objective reality. They called the philosophical theory of recognizing the existence of the objective material world "metaphysics" and put forward the slogan of "eliminating metaphysics". They believed that science was the description of subjective feelings and flaunted themselves as "philosophers of science" 。 They described their theories as the third line against materialism and idealism. In essence they used this as a smokescreen to promote agnosticism and subjective idealism. Lenin pointed out that positivism "is a despicable middle party in philosophy which confuses the materialist faction with the idealist faction on every issue".
