a-level心理教材（国际课程A-level心理学知识点）
a-level心理教材（国际课程A-level心理学知识点）Support for Cherry's work comes from Moray (1959). Seven words were repeated 35 times in the unattended ear but subsequent recall was no better than chance.结论：注意力可以集中在一个刺激物上，而其他大部分信息都被阻断了。Results: Little or nothing of the unattended message could be recalled.结果：没有人注意到的信息，几乎没有人能够回忆起来。Conclusion: Attention can be focused on one stimulus and most other information is blocked.
Studies of focused attention 对集中注意力的研究One of the earliest studies of focused attention involved the cocktail-party phenomenon (focusing on one conversation whilst ignoring others). Cherry (1953) investigated it using the dichotic listening task 最早对集中注意力的研究之一涉及到鸡尾酒会现象（专注于一个对话而忽略其他对话）。Cherry（1953年）使用二分法听力任务对其进行了研究 :
Method: Participants listened to a different message in each ear at the same time whilst shadowing (repeating) one of the messages.
方法：参与者在两只耳朵中同时听不同的信息，同时影射（重复）其中一条信息。
The diagram below shows Cherry's method 下图显示了Cherry的方法:
Results: Little or nothing of the unattended message could be recalled.
结果：没有人注意到的信息，几乎没有人能够回忆起来。
Conclusion: Attention can be focused on one stimulus and most other information is blocked.
结论：注意力可以集中在一个刺激物上，而其他大部分信息都被阻断了。
Support for Cherry's work comes from Moray (1959). Seven words were repeated 35 times in the unattended ear but subsequent recall was no better than chance.
对Cherry工作的支持来自于Moray（1959）。七个词在无人注意的耳朵里重复了35次，但随后的回忆并不比机会好。
However Cherry found that some features of information presented to the unattended ear seem to get through the block such as a change from a male to female or loud to quiet voice (physical features). The sound of your name (meaningful or semantic information) may also 'grab' your attention.
然而，Cherry发现，呈现在无人注意的耳朵上的信息的某些特征似乎可以通过阻断，例如从男性到女性或从大声到小声的变化（身体特征）。你的名字的声音（有意义或语义的信息）也可能 "抓住 "你的注意力。
Broadbent (1954) used the split-span procedure to investigate focused attention 布罗德本特（1954年）使用分裂跨度程序来研究集中注意力 :
Method: Three digits presented to one ear whilst three different digits were presented to the other ear. Participants had to write down as many digits as they could remember. This was done in one of two ways:
方法：三位数字呈现在一只耳朵上，而三位不同的数字则呈现在另一只耳朵上。参与者必须写下他们能记住的数字。这是以两种方式中的一种进行的：
The diagrams below show Broadbent's split-span procedure 下面的图表显示了布罗德本特的分割跨度程序 :
Results: Accuracy was better for ear-by-ear recall than pair-by-pair recall. Given the choice participants preferred ear-by-ear recall.
结果：逐耳回忆的准确率比逐对回忆的准确率高。在有选择的情况下，参与者更倾向于逐耳回忆。
Conclusion: Attention can only be focused on one 'channel' of information at a time and switching 'channels' is difficult.
结论：注意力在同一时间只能集中在一个信息 "频道 "上，而且切换 "频道 "是很困难的。
Broadbent (1954) thought that we select one 'channel' of information for attention for example the left or right ear based on physical characteristics of the information. This means that information is not processed semantically (for meaning) until after it has been selected for attention. This is an early selection model.
布罗德本特（1954年）认为，我们根据信息的物理特性，选择一个信息的 "通道 "进行注意，例如左耳或右耳。这意味着信息在被选择为注意力之后才会进行语义上的处理（为了意义）。这是一个早期选择模型。
Broadbent's model encouraged others to investigate the area of focused attention and is supported by evidence from the dichotic listening task and split-span procedure. However it has a number of significant weaknesses 布罗德本特的模型鼓励其他人研究集中注意力的领域，并得到了二分法听力任务和分割跨度程序的证据支持。然而，它有一些明显的弱点:
- Information can be processed for meaning before selection (e.g. sound of your name grabs your attention). 信息可以在选择之前进行意义处理（例如，你的名字的声音吸引了你的注意力）。
- Attention can be switched easily from one channel to another (Gray & Wedderburn 1960). The following pictures show the possible responses to Gray & Wedderburn's task which do you think was most easy for participants? 注意力可以很容易地从一个频道切换到另一个频道（Gray & Wedderburn 1960）。下面的图片显示了对Gray & Wedderburn的任务的可能反应，你认为哪一个对参与者来说是最容易的？
A 'category-by-category' response was easiest for the participants showing that it is possible to switch between different channels.
对参与者来说，"逐个类别 "的回答是最容易的，这表明在不同的渠道之间切换是可能的。
Treisman's attenuation model 特里斯曼的衰减模型Treisman's (1964) model found solutions to Broadbent's problems. It is also an early selection model based on physical characteristics of the information. However Treisman's filter attenuates (weakens) rather than eliminates the unattended information.
Treisman（1964）的模型为Broadbent的问题找到了解决方案。它也是一个基于信息的物理特性的早期选择模型。然而，Treisman的过滤器削弱了（弱化），而不是消除了未被关注的信息。
A second filter processes the information for meaning which may result in an attenuated channel being selected if it is important for example: your name or an alarm call like 'help' or to use Treisman's term reaches the threshold level of intensity.
第二个过滤器对信息的意义进行处理，如果信息很重要，可能会导致衰减的频道被选择，例如：你的名字或像 "帮助 "这样的报警电话，或者用特里斯曼的术语来说，达到强度的阈值水平。
Treisman's model is supported by the work of Gray & Wedderburn (1960) which showed that channels could be switched easily to produce more meaningful information. Her own work using speech shadowing showed that an unattended message can be incorporated into the attended message if it makes more sense (Treisman 1960):
Treisman的模型得到了Gray & Wedderburn (1960)的工作的支持，该工作表明，频道可以很容易地切换，以产生更有意义的信息。她自己的工作，使用语音影子，表明如果一个未被关注的信息更有意义，它可以被纳入被关注的信息中（Treisman 1960）：
Critics of Treisman's model think that it is too complicated and does not explain how the process of attenuation occurs.
对Treisman模型的批评者认为它过于复杂，没有解释衰减过程是如何发生的。
The Deutsch & Deutsch (1963) model is called a late selection model because they claim that all information (attended and unattended) is analysed for meaning in order to select an input for full awareness. Whether or not information is selected is dependent on how relevant it is at the time.
Deutsch & Deutsch (1963)的模型被称为晚期选择模型，因为他们声称所有的信息（被关注的和未被关注的）都要进行意义分析，以便选择一个输入进行充分意识。信息是否被选择取决于它在当时的相关程度。
The same evidence supporting Treisman's model supports this theory. However the Deutsch & Deutsch model explains the process of focused attention more simply. More support comes from Moray (1969) who paired electric shocks with a word to condition a galvanic skin response (GSR) when the word was spoken. A GSR was produced even when the word was presented to the unattended ear and the participants were unaware of it.
支持特里斯曼模型的证据同样支持这一理论。然而，Deutsch & Deutsch模型更简单地解释了集中注意力的过程。更多的支持来自Moray(1969)，他将电击与一个词配对，以便在说这个词时形成皮肤电刺激反应（GSR）的条件。即使当这个词出现在没有人注意的耳朵上，而参与者又没有意识到时，也会产生GSR。
Further evidence for the late selection model is that unattended messages can influence participant's understanding of the meaning of ambiguous sentences (MacKay 1973) 晚期选择模型的进一步证据是，无人注意的信息可以影响参与者对模糊句子含义的理解（MacKay 1973）:
It seems unlikely that all information should be processed semantically before we are made aware of it. This suggestion is backed up by evidence that we are better at spotting key words in attended messages than unattended messages - according to Deutsch & Deutsch we should be equally as good at each.
似乎不太可能所有的信息在我们意识到它之前就已经被语义处理了。这一建议得到了证据的支持，即我们在发现已关注的信息中的关键词方面比未关注的信息要好--根据Deutsch & Deutsch的说法，我们在这两方面应该是同样好的。
