代词的不同分类：代词的使用
代词的不同分类：代词的使用Sarah has always loved fashion.相反，你可以用代词she和her来指代Sarah。 有时候你可以把Sarah称作“我的妹妹”，这样听起来就像是在说两个不同的人。 Sarah has always loved fashion.My sister announced that Sarah wants to go to fashion school.
什么是代词
代词构成名词的一个小子类。 代词的显著特点是可以代替其他名词。 例如，如果你在讲一个关于你妹妹Sarah的故事，如果你一遍又一遍地重复“Sarah”这个词，这个故事就会变得重复。
Sarah has always loved fashion.
Sarah announced that Sarah wants to go to fashion school.
有时候你可以把Sarah称作“我的妹妹”，这样听起来就像是在说两个不同的人。
Sarah has always loved fashion.
My sister announced that Sarah wants to go to fashion school.
相反，你可以用代词she和her来指代Sarah。
Sarah has always loved fashion.
She announced that she wants to go to fashion school.
人称代词
代词有几种不同的类型。 she和her被称为人称代词。 其他人称代词是I和me you he和him it we和us they和them。 如果你在学校学过代词，这些可能是你的老师关注的单词。 我们一会儿会讲到其他类型的代词。
先行词
代词是多功能的。 代词it可以指代任何东西:一辆自行车，一棵树，一部电影，一种感觉。 这就是为什么你需要一个先行词。 先行词是一个名词或名词短语，你在句子或故事的开头提到它，然后用代词代替。 在下面的例子中，先行词被突出显示，代替先行词的代词被加粗显示。
My family drives me nuts but I love them.
The sign was too far away for Henry to read it.
Sarah said she is almost finished with the application.
在某些情况下，只要上下文完全清楚，就不需要明确地提到先行词（antecedent）。 根据说话的人，代词I me和you指的是谁就很清楚了。
也可以在提到先行词之前使用代词，但要避免在长句或复杂句中使用，因为这样会使句子难以理解。
I love them but my family drives me nuts.
关系代词
关系代词构成了另一类代词。 它们被用来连接关系从句和独立从句。 通常，它们会介绍句子中所提到的事物的附加信息。 关系代词包括that what which who和whom。 传统上，who指人，which和that指动物或事物。
The woman who called earlier didn’t leave a message.
All the dogs that got adopted today will be loved.
My car which is nearly twenty years old still runs well.
who which和that是否需要用逗号取决于从句是限制性的还是非限制性的，详细请见前面的文章英语的定语从句。
Who vs. Whom—主格和宾格代词
既然我们已经讨论了关系代词，让我们来解决最容易混淆的一个:who和whom。 Who是主语代词，如I he she we and they。 Whom是宾语代词，像me him her us and them。 当代词是动词或介词的宾语时，宾语形式是你想要的形式。 大多数人对人称代词的宾格没有太大的麻烦，因为它们通常紧跟在修饰它的动词或介词之后。
Please mail it to I. （错误）
Please mail it to me.（正确）
Ms. Higgins caught they passing notes. （错误）
Ms. Higgins caught them passing notes. （正确）
Is this cake for we? （错误）
Is this cake for us? （正确）
Whom is trickier though because it usually comes before the verb or preposition that modifies it.
不过Whom比较棘手，因为它通常出现在修饰它的动词或介词之前。
Whom did you speak to earlier?（正确）
你早些时候和谁通话?
A man whom I have never seen before was asking about you.（正确）
有个我以前没见过的人在打听你。
Whom should I say is calling? （错误）
请问您是哪位?
一个测试你是否需要who或whom的方法是尝试替换人称代词。 找出人称代词通常会出现的地方，看看主语或宾语形式是否更有意义。
Who/whom did you speak to earlier?
Did you speak to he/him earlier?
A man whom I have never seen before was asking about you. Have I seen he/him before?
Whom should I say is calling? Should I say she/her is calling?
如果宾语代词(him或her)听起来正确，使用whom。 如果主语代词(他或她)听起来正确，使用who。
在我们继续之前，还有一种情况是主语和宾语代词之间的选择可能会让人混淆。 你能在下列句子中找出问题吗?
Henry is meeting Sarah and I this afternoon. （错误）
There are no secrets between you and I. （错误）
It doesn’t matter to him or I. （错误）
在上面的每个句子中，代词I应该是me。 如果你从句子中去掉另一个名字或代词，它就变得很明显。
指示代词
That this These和those都是指示代词。 它们代替了一个已经被提到的名词或名词短语。
This用于附近的单数项。 These用于附近的多个项目。 距离可以是物理的，也可以是隐喻的。
Here is a letter with no return address. Who could have sent this?
What a fantastic idea! This is the best thing I’ve heard all day.
那是用来指很远的单数物品。 这些是用于多个遥远的项目。 同样，距离可以是物理的，也可以是隐喻的。
A house like that would be a nice place to live.
Some new flavors of soda came in last week. Why don’t you try some of those?
Those aren’t swans they’re geese.
不定代词
当你需要指一个不需要特别指明的人或事时，可以使用不定代词。 一些常见的不定代词是one other none Some anybody everybody and no one。
Everybody was late to work because of the traffic jam.
It matters more to some than others.
Nobody knows the trouble I’ve seen.
当不定代词作为句子或从句的主语时，它们通常使用单数动词。
反身代词
反身代词以-self或-self结尾:myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourself themselves。
当一个动词的主语和宾语都指向同一个人或事物时，使用反身代词。
Henry cursed himself for his poor eyesight.
They booked themselves a room at the resort.
I told myself it was nothing.
反身代词可以起强化作用，但它们的目的是加强语气。
I built this house myself.
Did you yourself see Loretta spill the coffee?
“I built this house” 和 “I built this house myself”的意思几乎是一样的。 但是“myself”强调的是我自己建造的房子，而不是雇佣别人来为我做。 同样，“你看到洛丽塔把咖啡洒了吗?” 和“你亲眼看到洛丽塔打翻咖啡了吗?” 都有类似的意思。 但是“你自己”表明询问的人想知道你是否真的目睹了这件事，还是只是听别人描述的。
有时候，人们会忍不住在他们应该使用我的地方使用我自己，因为这听起来有点花哨。 不要落入那个陷阱!
Please call Sarah or myself if you are going to be late. (错误)
物主代词
物主代词有两种形式:限定性代词（形容词性）和绝对代词（名词性）。 My your its his her our their和whose用于表示某物属于一个先行词。
Sarah is working on her application.
Just put me back on my bike.
The students practiced their presentation after school.
绝对所有格代词（又称名词性物主代词）是mine yours his hers ours，和their。 绝对形式可以代替先行词的事物。
Are you finished with your application?
Sarah already finished hers.
The blue bike is mine.
I practiced my speech and the students practiced theirs.
疑问代词
疑问代词用于疑问句中。 疑问代词是who what which和whose。
Who wants a bag of jelly beans?
What is your name?
Which movie do you want to watch?
Whose jacket is this?
