麦哲伦第一个发现地球是圆的的人是谁（麦哲伦第一个发现地球是圆的）
麦哲伦第一个发现地球是圆的的人是谁（麦哲伦第一个发现地球是圆的）These men had however completed their global journey despite the violence and greed that marred it from the outset. The venture would be remembered for the skill and endurance of many of its members. As the first Europeans to enter the eastern Pacific the expedition radically altered Europe’s understanding of the world while posterity would lionize Magellan for an accomplishment that he never
240 men started Magellan's voyage around the world. Only 18 finished it.
240人开始了麦哲伦的环球航行。只有18人完成了。
The explorer died on a Philippines beach in April 1521 joining the scores who perished in Spain's quest to circumnavigate the globe.
这位探险家于1521年4月在菲律宾海滩上去世，成为了为了环球航行而牺牲的西班牙人之一。
As it moored under Seville’s imposing skyline on September 8 1522 the Victoria may not have stood out as anything exceptional among the bustle of Spanish ships arriving from the Americas. When 18 men stepped off board “leaner than old worn-out nags ” as one of them later recalled they stepped into the history books as the first people to have sailed entirely around the world.
当1522年9月8日停泊在塞维利亚雄伟的天际线下时，维多利亚号可能在从美洲抵达的西班牙船只的熙攘中不显特别。当18名“像老掉牙的驽马一样瘦弱”的船员下船时，他们进入了历史，成为第一批成功地环绕世界航行的人。
It had been a brutal voyage led by the brilliant if ruthless Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan. When they set out from Seville three years before in summer 1519 they were a crew of 240 manning five ships. A series of blows—including starvation illness mutiny executions and the death of their leader—decimated their numbers and their fleet before returning to Spain.
这是一次残酷的航行，由葡萄牙著名、无情的航海家费尔南多·麦哲伦领导。1519年夏天，他们从塞维利亚出发，船员240人，带着五艘船。经历了饥饿、疾病、叛乱、处决和领袖去世等一连串打击，他们的人数和船只在回到西班牙之前不断减少。
These men had however completed their global journey despite the violence and greed that marred it from the outset. The venture would be remembered for the skill and endurance of many of its members. As the first Europeans to enter the eastern Pacific the expedition radically altered Europe’s understanding of the world while posterity would lionize Magellan for an accomplishment that he never lived to see.
然而，尽管从一开始就被暴力和贪婪所玷污，这些人却完成了他们的全球旅程。该冒险之旅将因许多成员的技能和耐力而被人们铭记。作为第一个进入东太平洋的欧洲人，这次远征彻底改变了欧洲人对世界的理解，后人将因马哲伦的成就而赞扬他，而他自己却没有能够亲眼见证这一点。
Despite the aura of heroism that has formed around Magellan his voyage was not driven by geographic curiosity but by trade and Spain’s struggle to surpass Portugal. Following Christopher Columbus’s voyages of the 1490s and the discovery of a landmass to the west the two premier naval powers competed to control the new vistas opening before them. In 1493 Pope Alexander VI drew a line from north to south down the Atlantic decreeing that Spain could exploit the new continent to the west. The papal bull did not specify however that Portugal could exploit the territory to the east of the line.
尽管马哲伦围绕着英雄主义的光环，但他的航海并不是由地理好奇心驱动的，而是由贸易和西班牙力图超越葡萄牙的斗争推动的。在克里斯托弗·哥伦布的1490年代的航海和发现西方的土地之后，这两个主要的海军强国竞争控制着面前展开的新视野。 1493年，亚历山大六世教皇在大西洋上画了一条从北到南的线，规定西班牙可以开发西面的新大陆。然而，教皇的诏书并没有明确规定葡萄牙可以开发线东边的领土。
Portugal cried foul pointing out that the pope a Borgia of Spanish descent was not an impartial arbiter. To avoid a war direct talks opened between Portugal and Spain and the line was moved farther west in the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. This allowed Portugal more room to maneuver down the eastern coastline of Africa. Happily for the Portuguese Pedro Álvares Cabral’s 1500 discovery of the eastern coastline of South America fell on Portugal’s side of the 1494 line.
葡萄牙抗议称，教皇作为西班牙血统的博尔吉亚家族成员，不是一个公正的仲裁者。为避免战争，葡萄牙和西班牙之间开始了直接对话，并在1494年的托德西利亚斯条约中将海上分界线向西推移。这为葡萄牙在非洲东海岸寻找更多机会提供了空间。对葡萄牙而言，令人欣喜的是，佩德罗·阿尔瓦雷斯·卡布拉尔在1500年发现的南美洲东海岸位于1494年线的葡萄牙一侧。
Portugal had already bested Spain in the exploration race when in 1497 Vasco de Gama was the first European to discover a sea route to India around Africa. While this period of global exploration is often associated with the Americas both powers were also seeking riches in the Asia-Pacific. It was there that Magellan gained experience vital to his later expedition. (Was Magellan the first to sail around the world? Think again.)
葡萄牙在探索竞赛中已经击败了西班牙，在1497年，瓦斯科·达·伽马成为首位发现绕过非洲到达印度的海路的欧洲人。虽然这个时期的全球探索通常与美洲联系在一起，但两个大国也在亚太地区寻求财富。正是在那里，马哲伦获得了对他后来的远征至关重要的经验。
A sea change
一次剧变
Born Fernão de Magalhães in northern Portugal in 1480 Magellan grew up in a noble family. At age 10 he was sent to Lisbon to train as a page in the court of Queen Leonora. He came of age as Europe began shaking off its medieval sensibilities and looking outward. The few sources on his early life suggest he became fascinated with maps and charts an interest that may have coincided with the news at age 13 of the Spanish expedition under Columbus that had made landfall in the Americas.
1480年，费尔南·麦哲伦（Fernão de Magalhães）出生于葡萄牙北部的一个贵族家庭。10岁时，他被送到里斯本，成为莱昂诺拉女王（Queen Leonora）宫廷的一名侍从。他在欧洲开始摆脱中世纪的感性时代和朝外看的时代成长。有关他早年生活的少数信息表明，他对地图和图表产生了浓厚的兴趣，这种兴趣可能与他13岁的时候听到哥伦布率领的西班牙探险队在美洲登陆的消息有关。
Portuguese eastward expansion began to move rapidly after Vasco de Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1497. By 1505 the 25-year-old Magellan was with the Portuguese fleet heading around the Cape and up the other side to East Africa. The aim of King Manuel of Portugal was to wrest control of the entire Indian Ocean from the Arabs so as to control trade with India.
葡萄牙向东扩张在瓦斯科·达伽马于1497年穿过好望角后迅速进行。到了1505年，25岁的麦哲伦加入了葡萄牙舰队前往好望角，然后穿过印度洋到达东非。葡萄牙国王曼努埃尔的目标是夺回阿拉伯人对整个印度洋的控制权，以便控制与印度的贸易。
In 1507 Magellan participated in a naval battle that consolidated Portuguese power over the Indian Ocean. More Portuguese victories followed in Goa (western India) and in 1511 the Portuguese seized Malacca on the Malay Peninsula. The city overlooks the strait through which the spices from modern-day Indonesia were funneled westward. By controlling Malacca Portugal could exert control over the spice trade.
1507年，马哥孛罗参加了一场巩固葡萄牙在印度洋地区势力的海战。随后，葡萄牙在印度西部的果阿和1511年在马来半岛夺取了马六甲，并在那里建立了据点。马六甲城俯瞰着从现代印度尼西亚输送香料的海峡。通过控制马六甲，葡萄牙可以对香料贸易产生控制力。
An older relative (and possible cousin) of Magellan Francisco Serrão had also forged a dramatic career as a sailor and took part in the seizure of Malacca before going on an expedition to the Moluccas or Spice Islands in 1512. His venture would later inspire Magellan’s own goal to reach them by sailing west from Europe.
麦哲伦的一位年长亲戚（可能是表亲），弗朗西斯科·塞拉翁，也曾作为一名水手开创了惊人的事业，并参与了马六甲的夺取，随后在1512年进行了一次前往莫卢卡群岛或香料群岛的探险。他的冒险后来激发了麦哲伦自己的目标，即通过从欧洲向西航行到达这些群岛。
Magellan took part in the battle for Malacca and honed his navigational skills during Portugal’s eastern victories. After returning to Europe in 1514 he entered into a bitter dispute with King Manuel over the king’s refusal to reward him. Having used up all his appeals Magellan rejected his native land and traveled to the Spanish court at Valladolid in 1517 to offer his services to the Spanish king Charles I (who would become Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in June 1519). From that day Fernão de Magalhães would be known by his Spanish name Fernando de Magallanes.
麦哲伦参与了马六甲的战斗，并在葡萄牙在东方的胜利中磨练了他的导航技能。返回欧洲后，1514年，他与曼努埃尔国王发生了激烈的争执，因为国王拒绝奖励他。经过所有上诉，麦哲伦拒绝了他的祖国，并于1517年前往西班牙瓦拉多利德的宫廷，向西班牙国王查理一世（他将于1519年6月成为神圣罗马帝国查理五世）提供自己的服务。从那天起，费尔南多·德·马加拉尼斯将以他的西班牙名字费尔南多·德·马加连斯（Fernando de Magallanes）而闻名。
By offering his services to Spain Magellan was not engaging in any truly scandalous behavior. Seafaring expertise often crossed borders and crews were drawn from different nations. Columbus too a Genoan from northern Italy had offered himself to the Spanish crown after initially working for the Portuguese. Magellan’s plan was strikingly similar to Columbus’s from nearly 30 years earlier: to sail west to bring back spices from the Moluccas the Spice Islands of Indonesia. (Discover the secrets hidden in a 500-year-old map used by Columbus.)
马哲伦向西班牙提供自己的服务并没有从事任何真正令人震惊的行为。海上技能经常跨越国界，船员来自不同的国家。与此类似，哥伦布最初为葡萄牙人工作后也向西班牙王室提供了自己的服务。马哲伦的计划与近30年前的哥伦布惊人地相似：航行西部从莫鲁卡群岛，即印度尼西亚的香料群岛，带回香料。
Citing the theories of other navigators at the time Magellan postulated that a strait cut through the Americas to a sea whose eastern shore was first glimpsed by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513. If he could find it this passage would allow Spain a kind of “back-door” access to the Moluccas bypassing Portugal’s Cape route. Magellan’s reputation as a sailor and his knowledge of the east convinced Charles and the expedition received royal assent.
引用当时其他航海家的理论，马哲伦推断有一条穿过美洲的海峡通往一个东海岸于1513年被西班牙探险家瓦斯科·努涅斯·德·巴尔博亚首次看到的海洋。如果他能找到这条通道，西班牙将拥有一种“后门”进入莫卢卡群岛，绕过葡萄牙的好望角航线。马哲伦作为一名水手的声誉以及他对东方的了解让查尔斯信任他，该探险队得到了皇家同意。
Not all were happy that this Portuguese interloper had gained such favor with the king. The nobility and the Casa de Contratación (the state body that controlled such expeditions) took every opportunity to obstruct Magellan’s preparations. Under two-thirds of the crew were Spaniards; of the foreigners 24 were Portuguese and 27 were Italian.
并非所有人都对这位葡萄牙插足者赢得国王的赞许感到满意。贵族和掌控此类远航的Casa de Contratación（国家机构）利用一切机会阻止马哲伦的准备工作。船员中不到三分之二是西班牙人；在外国人中，有24名葡萄牙人和27名意大利人。
Marvels and mutiny
奇迹与叛乱
Among the crew was a young Venetian nobleman named Antonio Pigafetta a student of astronomy and geography. Pigafetta’s lively journal became history’s principal written source for detailed information on the entire voyage.
船员中有一位名叫安东尼奥·皮加菲塔的年轻威尼斯贵族，是一位天文学和地理学的学生。皮加菲塔生动的日志成为了历史上对整个航程详细信息的主要书面来源。
“On Monday August 10 St. Lawrence’s day the fleet having been supplied with all the things necessary for the sea made ready to leave the harbor of Seville ” Pigafetta recorded in his log. Five ships in total—the San Antonio the Concepción the Victoria the Santiago and the flagship the Trinidad—struck out west from Spain via the Canary Islands. Pigafetta’s observations were not solely nautical. He took a lively interest in geography and zoology and science noting different kinds of birds and wildlife.
8月10日星期一，圣劳伦斯日，舰队已经准备好了所有必要的海上物资，准备离开塞维利亚港。共有五艘船——圣安东尼奥号、康塞普西翁号、维多利亚号、圣地亚哥号和旗舰特立尼达号——通过加纳利群岛向西出发。皮加费塔的观察不仅局限于航海方面，他对地理学、动物学和科学也有浓厚的兴趣，记录下不同种类的鸟类和野生动物的观察结果。
While Pigafetta wrote his log Magellan was deeply concerned about his authority. He was officially the supreme commander but prior to departure pressure from the Spanish authorities had forced him to accept a nobleman Juan de Cartagena as the voyage’s second-in-command. This decision led to violent power struggles during the voyage. Early on Magellan was forced to arrest and demote Cartagena for insubordination. As a royal appointee he was otherwise untouchable but his resentful presence would prove nearly catastrophic for Magellan later.
当皮加菲塔写下他的日志时，马哲伦非常担心他的权威。虽然他正式是最高指挥官，但在出发前，来自西班牙当局的压力迫使他接受了贵族胡安·德·卡塔赫纳作为这次航行的副指挥官。这个决定导致了航行中的暴力权力斗争。早在航行初期，马哲伦就不得不因卡塔赫纳的不服从而将他逮捕并降职。作为皇家委任者，他本来是不可触及的，但他的怨恨在后来几乎给马哲伦带来了灾难。
The coast of modern-day Brazil which Europeans had only been aware of for 20 years was a source of wonder. But it was its inhabitants that captured Pigafetta’s attention most. He recorded in his journal that some of the people of “Verdin” (as he called it)
现代巴西海岸仅被欧洲人知晓20年，这里引起了人们的兴趣。但最引人注目的是其居民。皮加菲塔在日志中记录了他所称之为“Verdin”的人们中的一些人。
live a hundred or a hundred and twenty or a hundred and forty years and more; they go naked both men and women. Their dwellings are houses that are rather long . . . [and] in each of these houses . . . there dwells a family of a hundred persons who make a great noise. In this place they have boats which are made of a tree all in one piece which they call “canoo.” These are not made with iron instruments for they have not got any . . . Into these thirty or forty men enter.
活一百、一百二十或一百四十多年不等；他们赤身裸体，无论男女。他们的住所是相当长的房屋……在每个房子里……住着一百个人的家庭，他们闹得很厉害。这个地方有他们自己的船，是由一棵树制成的，整个船身都是一个部分，他们称之为“独木舟”。这些并不是用铁器制作的，因为他们没有任何铁器……三十或四十个人可以进入其中。
Pigafetta’s writings revealed a condescending attitude toward the indigenous peoples. His descriptions of the peoples he meets in Patagonia the Pacific Islands and lands in Asia are centered on the amount of clothing worn physical traits including skin color height and build and whether they could be converted to Christianity. He recorded certain words from their languages many of which related to commodities that could be of use to colonial Spain. (See a shipwreck from explorer Vasco da Gama's fleet.)
皮加菲塔的著作揭示了他对土著居民的傲慢态度。他对在巴塔哥尼亚、太平洋群岛和亚洲陆地上遇到的人民的描述，集中于穿着的数量、身体特征，包括肤色、身高和体格，以及他们是否能接受基督教。他记录了他们的语言中的某些单词，其中许多与殖民西班牙有用的商品有关。 （[看看探险家瓦斯科·达伽马舰队的一艘船难。]（https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/20160314-oman-shipwreck-explorer-vasco-da-gama-age-of-exploration-india-route））
The small armada sailed south scanning for any strait or opening in the great landmass to starboard. A great inlet in early 1520 aroused much excitement. Once it had been ascertained it was not the longed-for strait but a river mouth (the Río de la Plata) the fleet continued south to San Julián where in April surrounded on all sides by the frozen expanse of Patagonia a full-scale mutiny was launched against Magellan by the captains of the four other ships.
小型船队向南航行，搜索星板侧巨大陆地的任何海峡或开口。1520年初，一条巨大的入海口引起了极大的兴奋。一旦确认它不是期望已久的海峡，而是一个河口（Rio de la Plata），船队继续向南前往圣胡利安（San Julían），在那里，四艘其他船只的船长们在四周被巴塔哥尼亚冰冻的广阔区域包围中，在四月份对马哥孛罗发动了全面的叛变。
Played out across five vessels the scenes were chaotic and confusing but Magellan prevailed. In the ensuing skirmishes the rebellious captains of the Victoria and the Concepción were arrested and executed. One of the leaders of the revolt was the demoted and resentful Juan de Cartagena. Magellan opted to maroon him on an island thus avoiding shedding the blood of a powerful nobleman while also ridding himself of an incompetent troublemaker. Cartagena’s fate is unknown but other mutineers were pardoned including one of the officers Juan Sebastián Elcano.
经过五艘船之间的混乱和混乱的斗争，马哲伦最终获胜。在随后的小冲突中，背叛船长维多利亚和康塞普西翁的船长被逮捕并处决。叛变领导人之一是被降职和怨恨的胡安·德·卡塔赫纳。马哲伦选择将他流放到一个岛屿上，避免了流血的强大贵族，同时也摆脱了一个无能的麻烦制造者。卡塔赫纳的命运不明，但其他叛变者得到了赦免，包括一个官员胡安·塞巴斯蒂安·埃尔卡诺。
Shortly after the failed mutiny as resentments still simmered Magellan lost the Santiago in a storm. Unbowed the reduced fleet continued south until glacial conditions forced a halt for two months to provision; then it set out once more. Finally as Pigafetta records on “the day of the feast of the eleven thousand virgins ” St. Ursula’s Day which falls on October 21 they sighted a strait “surrounded by lofty mountains laden with snow... Had it not been for the captain-general we would not have found that strait for we all thought that it was closed on all sides.”
就在失败的叛变之后，当怨恨还在酝酿之际，马哲伦在一场风暴中失去了圣地亚哥号。然而，仍然无畏的舰队继续向南航行，直到冰川的条件迫使他们停歇两个月以补给为止，然后又重新出发。终于，在皮加菲塔记录的“纪念十一千名处女的节日”上，也就是10月21日的圣乌苏拉日，他们发现了一条“被高山环绕、积雪盈满”的海峡……若非总船长的领导，我们是不可能发现这条海峡的，因为我们都认为它四面都被封闭了。
For over a month buffeted by storms and currents the fleet ventured down the strait that Charles V would later name for Magellan. The commander named an archipelago they saw on the south side Tierra del Fuego (“land of fire”) in reference to the many bonfires lit there by its indigenous hunter-gatherer peoples who had occupied this tip of South America for millennia.
数十天以来，受风暴和洋流的影响，舰队一直穿过查尔斯五世后来为马哥孛罗命名的海峡向南航行。指挥官命名了他们在南侧看到的一组群岛为火地岛（“land of fire”），以此指代那里原住民狩猎采集者点燃的许多篝火。这些人类已经占据了南美洲的这个尖端地区数千年。
In the course of this passage another ship disappeared: the San Antonio. Pigafetta records it had been believed lost; in fact it had deserted and was returning to Spain. Equipped now with only three vessels Magellan and his men “on Wednesday November 28 1520 . . . debouched from that strait engulfing . . . in the Pacific Sea.” They were the first Europeans to enter that vast ocean from its eastern shore.
在本段中，另一艘船消失了：圣安东尼奥号。皮加费塔记录它被认为已经失踪了；事实上，它背叛了并正在返回西班牙。现在只装备了三艘船，马哲伦和他的人“在1520年11月28日星期三……从海峡出口，吞没……进入太平洋。”他们是第一批从东岸进入这个巨大海洋的欧洲人。
Hard crossing
艰难的穿越
After being borne northward along what is today the Chilean coast Magellan’s fleet finally struck out northwest in search of land beyond. Magellan knew that the Malay archipelago he had visited years before must lie somewhere to the west. To find it the limping expedition had to sail through rough seas for over three months.
在沿着如今的智利海岸向北航行后，麦哲伦的船队最终向西北方向出发，寻找更远的陆地。麦哲伦知道他之前访问过的马来群岛一定位于西方的某个地方。为了寻找它，这支艰苦的远征队不得不在大约三个月的恶劣海况下航行。
Hunger and disease stalked the crossing. Pigafetta records how he and his crewmates ate sawdust ox hides and “biscuit which was no longer biscuit but powder of biscuits swarming with worms and which stank strongly of the urine of rats.” General privation the lack of food and illness greatly reduced their numbers. Perhaps the most devastating was scurvy the distinctive symptoms of which Pigafetta captured: “[I]t was that the upper and lower gums of most of our men grew so much that they could not eat and in this way so many suffered that nineteen died.” (Scurvy killed more people than the American Civil War.)
饥饿和疾病笼罩着船上的人。皮加菲塔记录了他和他的船员吃锯末、牛皮和“饼干，不再是饼干，而是满是虫子的饼干粉，并且散发着老鼠尿的臭味。”普遍的匮乏、缺乏食物和疾病大大减少了他们的人数。也许最具破坏性的是坏血病，皮加菲塔捕捉到了其特殊的症状：“[我]们大部分人的上下牙龈都长得太多了，不能吃饭，因此许多人都受苦了，有19人死亡。”（坏血病造成的死亡人数超过了美国内战。）
Savaged by scurvy
坏血病的折磨
While crossing the Pacific Pigafetta recorded how many of Magellan’s crew seemed to waste away from a horrific illness: Their gums bled their limbs ulcerated and delirium addled their minds. Scurvy and its symptoms which are caused by a lack of vitamin C would ravage many European expeditions. The captain who completed the Magellan expedition Juan Sebastián Elcano succumbed to scurvy on a later voyage and it killed an estimated two million sailors between the 15th and 18th centuries. The medical properties of vitamin C were not discovered until the 1920s but it became common wisdom in the 1700s that citrus fruit could be a preventative a remedy that was resisted by some in the British Navy. It was not until the 1790s that fruit was distributed routinely among crews.
越过太平洋时，皮加菲塔记录了马哲伦船员中许多人似乎因一种可怕的病而消瘦：他们的牙龈出血，肢体溃烂，精神错乱。坏血病及其症状由缺乏维生素C引起，这种病在许多欧洲探险中肆虐。完成马哲伦探险的船长胡安·塞巴斯蒂安·埃尔卡诺（Juan Sebastián Elcano）在后来的航行中死于坏血病，估计在15世纪至18世纪间，这种病杀死了约200万名水手。维生素C的医疗特性直到1920年代才被发现，但在18世纪中期，柑橘类水果因具有预防作用而成为普遍的常识，然而这个治疗方案在英国海军中存在一些反对声音。直到1790年代，水果才被定期分发给船员。
On March 6 1521 after 100 days in Pacific waters the exhausted armada finally was able to make landfall in the Mariana Islands where they restocked the ships and then continued west. Days later they reached an archipelago (later christened the Philippines by another Spanish explorer) of many inhabited islands that Magellan would attempt to claim for Spain. The crew celebrated mass on the island of Limasawa in late March and then converted the rulers of Cebu Island to Christianity.
1521年3月6日，在太平洋水域100天后，筋疲力尽的船队终于在马里亚纳群岛登陆，为船只补给后继续向西航行。几天后，他们抵达了一个有许多有人居住的岛屿群（后来被另一个西班牙探险家命名为菲律宾），麦哲伦试图为西班牙国家宣布主权。船员们在三月底的利马沙瓦岛上庆祝弥撒，随后将宿务岛的统治者们转化为基督教信仰。
Magellan heard that rivals of the Becu who lived on the nearby island of Mactan refused to convert and submit to Spain. Magellan tried to claim their land for Spain and their souls for the church but the occupants of Mactan Island led by the chieftain known traditionally as Lapulapu stood firm in the face of Spanish guns and swords. On April 27 1521 Magellan led 60 men to the island with an ultimatum to surrender. The islanders refused and a fierce battle ensued which Pigafetta recounted:
马哲伦听说附近的Becu人的竞争对手居住在马克坦岛上，拒绝皈依并归附西班牙。马哲伦试图为西班牙宣称他们的土地并让他们成为教会的信徒，但马克坦岛居民，由传统上被称为Lapulapu的酋长带领下，面对西班牙的枪炮和剑的威胁坚定不移。1521年4月27日，马哲伦率领60名士兵前往该岛，要求投降。岛民们拒绝了，发生了激烈的战斗，皮加菲塔记录了这一事件：
When we reached land we found the islanders fifteen hundred in number . . . they came down upon us with terrible shouts . . . seeing that the shots of our guns did them little or no harm [they] would not retire but shouted more loudly and . . . at the same time drew nearer to us throwing arrows javelins spears hardened in fire stones and even mud so that we could hardly defend ourselves.
当我们到达陆地时，我们发现岛民数量为一千五百人......他们发出可怕的喊叫声并向我们冲来......看到我们枪支的射击对他们的影响不大，他们不愿退却，反而大声喊叫，同时向我们靠近，投掷箭矢、标枪、火硬化的石头、泥土，以至于我们几乎无法自卫。
Pigafetta reported that Magellan was killed by Lapulapu and his warriors on the shore. Despite Spanish firepower the islanders quickly overcame the invaders with their numbers and bravery and drove them back. The Europeans retreated leaving their commander to die on the beach; Magellan’s body was never recovered. Later the king of Cebu would turn against the Europeans too and kill 26 of them. The remaining Europeans soon departed.
皮加菲泰塔报告说，马哲伦被拉普拉普和他的战士在海岸上杀害。尽管西班牙人拥有强大的火力，但岛民们凭借数量和勇气迅速克服了入侵者，并将其赶回去。欧洲人撤退了，离开了他们的指挥官在海滩上死亡；马哲伦的尸体从未被找到。后来，宿务来的国王也反对欧洲人，并杀死了他们中的26人。剩下的欧洲人很快离开了。
Their numbers dwindling the surviving crew under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano did finally reach the Moluccas in November 1521. They were able to stock up the ships with spices and goods to bring back to Spain. Having been forced to abandon two of their three remaining ships the crew would return to Spain in a fleet of one—the Victoria. Ten months later the ship and its bedraggled crew of 18 including Pigafetta entered Seville’s harbor. (Who really discovered Antarctica?)
他们的人数越来越少，幸存的船员在胡安·塞巴斯蒂安·埃尔卡诺的指挥下，最终在1521年11月到达了莫鲁克群岛。他们能够为回到西班牙带回香料和商品。由于被迫放弃了三艘剩下的两条船，船员将在一艘“维多利亚号”船上返回西班牙。10个月后，包括皮加菲塔在内的18名疲惫不堪的船员乘坐船只进入了塞维利亚的港口。 （谁真正发现了南极洲？）
Final frontier
最后的边疆
The first continuous circumnavigation of the world was complete. It took almost exactly three years and surprisingly turned a profit. The 381 sacks of cloves brought back by the Victoria were worth more than all five ships that had set out on the voyage. Despite the hopes and funds invested it did not translate into immediate meaningful economic benefits for Spain. The treacherous course around the tip of South America was never a practical route for trade with the Moluccas.
世界上第一次持续环球航行已经完成。它几乎用了三年时间并出人意料地盈利。维多利亚号带回的381袋丁香的价值超过了所有出发航行的五艘船。尽管投入了希望和资金，但它并没有立即为西班牙带来有意义的经济利益。绕过南美洲的危险航线从来没有成为与马鲁古群岛贸易的实际路线。
Despite the death and destruction brought on by the voyage many historians believe Magellan’s expedition was a worthy accomplishment. The careful records kept by Pigafetta and others dramatically expanded Europe’s knowledge of the world beyond the Atlantic giving cartographers a firm sense of the world’s actual size and future navigators intelligence on the conditions and currents of the Pacific Ocean. Europeans had known of the eastern shore of the Pacific since 1513 but Magellan revealed its sheer size and power knowledge that transformed Europeans’ understanding of the extent of the globe.
尽管这次航行带来了死亡和破坏，但许多历史学家认为麦哲伦的远航是值得赞扬的。皮加菲塔和其他人所做的细致记录极大地扩展了欧洲对大西洋以外的世界的认识，使制图师对世界的实际大小有了确凿的认识，为未来的航海者提供了有关太平洋的条件和洋流信息。欧洲人自1513年以来就已经知道太平洋东海岸的存在，但是麦哲伦揭示了它的庞大力量，这种知识改变了欧洲人对地球的范围的理解。
