英语句子语法问题，英文写作底层规范
英语句子语法问题，英文写作底层规范4、主语缺失的不完整句3、附加细节不完整句总结所有的不完整句，大致分为如下四种情况：1、连词或从属词不完整句2、分词不定式不完整句
教学内容：英文写作
适合人群：英语教师、英语专业学生、初高中生等
从语法角度讲，一个完整的句子起码要包括两个部分：主语和谓语动词。如果动词是及物的，则必须要有宾语；如动词时系动词，则应有表语。
任何一个句子都要遵循五种简单句的规则。否则，这个句子就是不完整句。在写作中，不完整句是一种十分常见的语法错误，应该加以改正。
总结所有的不完整句，大致分为如下四种情况：
1、连词或从属词不完整句
2、分词不定式不完整句
3、附加细节不完整句
4、主语缺失的不完整句
连词或从属词不完整句
在英语句子里，连词是起到连接作用的，即连接两个逻辑相关的句子。之所以是连词，就表明必须是两个或两个以上的句子，否则连词就失去了意义。
同学们的经典错误就是：两个句子，直接用逗号连接，不管不顾，咋说都不听。一个逗号走天下，任你耳提面命，我一逗到底！
对比下面几组句子：
- 第一组对比
- 第二组对比
- 第三组对比
- 第四组对比
- 第五组对比
练习题：补充句子使其完整
例1 Although I felt miserable
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答案：Although I felt miserable I tried to smile for the photographer.
例2 The man who found my wallet
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答案：The man who found my wallet returned it the next day.
1 If I don’t get a raise soon
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2 Because it was raining
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3 When I heard the news
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4 Because I couldn’t find the car keys
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5 The restaurant that we tried
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分词不定式不完整句
无论是doing，还是to do不定式，或是done过去分词，都属于非谓语动词。非谓语动词，顾名思义，是不能做谓语的阉割动词。而一个完整的句子，一定要有动词，所以非谓语动词的出现会导致句子不完整。
- Doing通常放在另外一个句子后面，做伴随状语。或放在名词后面做后置定语。
- To do 通常放在另外一个句子后面，做目的状语或结果状语。或放在名词后面做后置定语。
- Done 通常放在状语从句里面，放在连词后面，省略主语。或放在名词后面做后置定语。
下面看几组句子对比：
练习：改变句子使其完整
1 Looking at the worm on the table. Shelby groaned. She knew she wouldn’t like what the biology teacher said next.
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2 I put a box of baking soda in the freezer. To get rid of the musty smell. However my ice cubes still taste like old socks.
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3 Staring at the clock on the far wall. I nervously began my speech. I was afraid to look at any of the people in the room.
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4 Jerome sat quietly at his desk. Fantasizing about the upcoming weekend. He might meet the girl of his dreams at Saturday night’s party.
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5 To get to the bus station from here. You have to walk two blocks out of your way. The sidewalk is torn up because of construction work.
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附加细节不完整句
附加细节不完整句通常在补充某些细节的时候，缺乏了主语或谓语动词。
练习：
1 My mother likes watching daytime television shows. Especially old movies and soap operas. She says that daytime television is less violent.
答案：My mother likes watching daytime television shows especially old movies and soap operas.
2 Luis works evenings in a video store. He enjoys the fringe benefits. For example seeing the new movies first.
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3 Bob’s fingernails are ragged from years of working as a mechanic. And his fingertips are always black. Like ink pads.
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4 Electronic devices keep getting smaller. Such as video cameras and cell phones. Some are so tiny they look like toys.
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5 Left-handed students face problems. For example right-handed desks. Spiral notebooks can also be uncomfortable to use.
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6 Mrs. Fields always wears her lucky clothes to bingo. Such as a sweater printed with four-leaf clovers. She also carries a rhinestone horseshoe.
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7 Hundreds of moths were swarming around the stadium lights. Like large flecks of snow. However I knew they couldn’t be snow – it was eighty degrees outside.
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8 I wonder now why I had to learn certain subjects. Such as geometry. No one has ever asked me about the hypotenuse of a triangle.
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主语缺失的不完整句
主语缺失的不完整句，通常都是大家因为感觉主语相同而想当然地去掉主语，这样就造成了主语的缺失。
练习：
1 Every other day Kara runs two miles. Then does fifty sit-ups. She hasn’t lost weight but she looks trimmer and more muscular.
____________________________
2 I like all kinds of fresh pizza. But refuse to eat frozen pizza. The sauce is always dried out and the crust tastes like leather.
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3 Many people are allergic to seafood. They break out in hives when they eat it. And can even have trouble breathing.
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4 To distract me the dentist tugged at a corner of my mouth. Then jabbed a needle into my gums and injected a painkiller. I hardly felt it.
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5 Last semester I took six courses. And worked part-time in a discount drugstore. Now that the term is all over I don’t know how I did it.
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总结
今天讲的这四点以及举例都是上一讲“写出正确的句子”得展开。实际上在学生的作文中，错误类型各种各样。正确的句子往往千篇一律，错误的句子往往各有不同。但是不管怎样，我们这两节课主要的目标是：
写出正确的句子。
如果自己在这方面很难进步，那就找身边的人帮助自己，从翻译句子练起。再多的理论，都不如“说干就干”！
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