高考英语作文常见的应用文体（高考英语阅读理解技巧）

高考英语作文常见的应用文体（高考英语阅读理解技巧）　　下面请阅读真题一篇记叙文，看看你能不能抓住故事的主要情节。　　概括起来一句话：读记叙文的关键是抓情节。 抓住了故事情节，就理解了文章的脉络，其他的就迎刃而解了。　　记叙文讲述的是发生在当前或过去或将来事情的经过。简而言之，记叙文就是讲故事，包括人物或故事情节。常见的记叙文根据其用途可分为文学记叙文和说明记叙文：文学记叙文以虚构为主，如趣闻逸事、传说、寓言、传奇故事、短篇小说、科幻小说等；说明记叙文以事实为依据，包括历史、传记、新闻报道、日记等。无论哪一种记叙文作者都要交代何人何时何地为什么、怎么样、干了何事等等，这也就是我们常说的5Ws and 1H。这是我们在阅读记叙文时要首先了解的，接着按照线索弄清事情的来龙去脉，就能理解整个故事。　　特别值得注意的是：记叙文的叙事顺序有顺叙和倒叙两种，有时候作者为了吸引读者会采用倒叙的方法，即不按照事情发展的先后顺序来叙述，而是从最重要、最能引人

高考英语阅读理解：记叙文、说明文、应用文

慕容紅俠

不同体裁的文章，作者的写作手法不同，表达的方式千差万别。体裁不同，要求使用的阅读方法也不一样。因此，掌握不同体裁的文章的阅读方法有助于我们提高阅读效率、加深对文章的理解、提高阅读速度。下面分别谈谈记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文的阅读方法和技巧。

　　第一节 记叙文的阅读方法

　　记叙文讲述的是发生在当前或过去或将来事情的经过。简而言之，记叙文就是讲故事，包括人物或故事情节。常见的记叙文根据其用途可分为文学记叙文和说明记叙文：文学记叙文以虚构为主，如趣闻逸事、传说、寓言、传奇故事、短篇小说、科幻小说等；说明记叙文以事实为依据，包括历史、传记、新闻报道、日记等。无论哪一种记叙文作者都要交代何人何时何地为什么、怎么样、干了何事等等，这也就是我们常说的5Ws and 1H。这是我们在阅读记叙文时要首先了解的，接着按照线索弄清事情的来龙去脉，就能理解整个故事。

　　特别值得注意的是：记叙文的叙事顺序有顺叙和倒叙两种，有时候作者为了吸引读者会采用倒叙的方法，即不按照事情发展的先后顺序来叙述，而是从最重要、最能引人入胜的事件开始，然后再回过头来追叙故事的开端和经过。阅读时要学会从事情本身的发展去理解故事情节而不要只看事件在文中出现的先后位置。

　　另外，讲故事必定有其目的：或证明某一理论，或阐明某一概念，或赞美某种美德，或谴责某种罪恶等等。我们在阅读时要通过作者的重要细节描写联系故事情节去领会作者的意图，对作者重墨泼就的细节描写要重点关注。

　　概括起来一句话：读记叙文的关键是抓情节。 抓住了故事情节，就理解了文章的脉络，其他的就迎刃而解了。

　　下面请阅读真题一篇记叙文，看看你能不能抓住故事的主要情节。

　Compassion is a desire within us to help others．With effort we can translate compassion into action．An experience last weekend showed me this is true．I work part-time in a supermarket across from a building for the elderly．These old people are our main customers and its not hard to lose patience over their slowness．But last Sunday one aged gentleman appeared to teach me a valuable lesson．This untidy man walked up to my register(收款机) with a box of biscuits．He said he was out of cash(现金) had just moved into his room and had nothing in his cupboards．He asked if we could let him have the food on trust．He promised to repay me the next day．

　I couldnt help staring at him．I wondered what kind of person he had been ten or twenty years before and what he would be like if luck had gone his way．I had a hurt in my heart for this kind of human soul all alone in the world．I told him that I was sorry but store rules didnt allow me to do so．I felt stupid and unkind saying this but I valued my job．

　Just then another man standing behind the first spoke up．If anything he looked more pitiable．Charge it to me was all he said．

　What I had been feeling was pity．Pity is soft and safe and easy．Compassion on the other hand is caring in action．I thanked the second man but told him that was not allowed either．Then I reached into my pocket and paid for the biscuits myself．I reached into my pocket because these two men had reached into my heart and taught me compassion.

　　解析：故事采用顺叙的叙事方法，主要情节发展如下：One aged gentleman begged me to have the food on trust and promised to repay the next day.---- I told him the store rules didnt allow me to do so.---- Another man wanted me to charge the food to him.----I paid for the biscuits myself. 作者用第一人称讲述自己亲身经历的这段故事，让人觉得亲切可信，同时也增强了文章的感染力。作者说自己通过这段故事学会了compassion（同情），事实上也是在号召读者多伸出同情之手，共建和谐社会。

　　抓住了故事的情节，了解了作者的写作意图。再来做理解题，就容易多了。请看看下面几道理解题：

　　1．The aged gentleman who wanted to buy the biscuits ______.

　　A．promised to obey the store rules

　　B．forgot to take any money with him

　　C．hoped to have the food first and pay later

　　D．could not afford anything more expensive

　　2．Which of the following best describes the old gentleman?

　　A．kind and lucky B．poor and lonely

　　C．friendly and helpful D．hurt and disappointed

　　3．The writer acted upon the store rules because ______.

　　A．he wanted to keep his present job

　　B．he felt no pity for the old gentleman

　　C．he considered the old man dishonest

　　D．he expected someone else to pay for the old man

　　4．What does the writer learn from his experience?

　　A．Wealth is more important than anything else.

　　B．Helping others is easier said than done.

　 C．Experience is better gained through practice.

　　D．Obeying the rules means more than compassion.

　　（参考答案：CBAB）

第二节 说明文的阅读方法

说明文用平实的语言客观地解释或探讨各种问题，如机器的制造过程、自然或社会现象产生的原因、工程项目的规划或问题的解决方案等等，介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果，社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物等等。说明事物可采用多种方式：例如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。举例说明文使用例子说明事物阐明观点；分解展开法着重于事物的区别、差异，分类展开法则强调事物的相似之处；类比说明事物如何相似，对比说明事物如何不同；因果说明文表明事物发生的原因及结果。除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常常使用数据、图片等资料。

　　无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。

　　因此，阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物的特点，即抓住说明对象的本质特征。

　　下面具体看看两篇说明文。

　 第一篇说明文真题：

　Reading is very important to help you learn English. To learn as much as you can from reading you need to read different kinds of English. This book provides not only different kinds of English but also a good way to check your reading ability.

　There are four parts in the book:

　Part 1 is Messages: In this part somebody wants to send information in writing to somebody else.

　There is a test on timetables and a test on text messages.

　Part 2 is People: In this part all the tests are about people. For example there is an informal letter between friends. There is formal (正式的) English in biography (传记) . There is a job application as a model to help with your writing as well as testing your reading.

　Part 3 is Places: In this part too. Many different kinds of English are shown some informal and some formal. There is the informal English of a holiday postcarD．There is also the formal English in a letter of complaint.

　Part 4 is Things: You will find some descriptive writing in this part. There are descriptions of clothes and of a computer.

　You can do these tests in any order you like or you can do all the tests with a formal or informal text.

　I enjoyed writing this book and I hope you enjoy using it.

　　解析：这篇文章使用浅显平实的语言详细介绍了这本书的4个部分的内容。说明的重点在书的内容，这本书的特征体现在它的内容。抓住了这一特点，也就读懂了这篇文章，再来做理解题，就容易多了。看看相关的理解题：

　　1．We can find the introduction to a product in .

　　A．Part 1 B．Part 2 C．Part 3 D．Part 4

　　2．Which of the following is most probably written in informal English?

　　A．A letter of complaint.

B．A computer handbook.

　　C．A letter to a frienD．

D．A story of a president.

　　3．The passage is most probably written for .

　　A．test designers B．students C．test-takers D．teachers

　　4．What is the best title of the book?

　　A．Test Your Reading

B．Help with Your Writing

　　C．Learn Different Kinds of English

D．Practise English in Different Ways

　　（参考答案：DCBA）

　　再看一篇真题说明文：

　A device that stops drivers from falling asleep at the wheel is about to undergo testing at Department of Transport laboratories and could go on sale within 12 months.

　The system called Driver Alert aims to reduce deadly road accidents by 20%--40% that are caused by tiredness. Airline pilots can also use it to reduce the 30% of all pilot-error accidents that are related to fatigue.

　Driver Alert is based on a computerized wristband．The device worn by drivers or pilots gives out a sound about every four minutes during a car journey. After each sound the driver must respond by squeezing the steering wheel(方向盘). A sensor in the wristband detects this pressing action and measures the time between the sound and the drivers response.

　Tiredness is directly related to a drivers response time. Usually a watchful driver would take about 400 milliseconds to respond but once that falls to more than 500 milliseconds it suggests that the driver is getting sleepy.

　In such cases the device gives out more regular and louder sounds showing that the driver should open a window or stop for a rest. If the drivers response continues to slow down the sounds become more frequent until a nonstop alarm warns that the driver must stop as soon as possible.

　The device has been delivered to the departments laboratories for testing. If these tests scheduled for six months time are successful the markets will bring the product to market within about a year.

　　解析：这篇文章说明Driver Alert这一驾驶员警报装置。抓住了它的工作原理、功能作用就抓住了它的本质特点。3.4.5自然段是理解的重点：开车时驾驶员腕带上的警报会每隔4分钟发出声音，驾驶员听到声音按压方向盘作出反应。传感器会探测到从听到声音到作出反应之间的时间差，如果这个时间差大于500毫秒，说明驾驶员疲劳打瞌睡。了解了这个装置的特点，就读懂了这篇文章。看看理解题：

　　1．According to the text Driver Alert _____.

　　A．aims to reduce tiredness-related accidents

　　B．has gone through testing at laboratories

　　C．aims to prevent drivers from sleeping

　　D．has been on sale for 12 months

　　2．How should a driver respond to the sounds from Driver Alert?

　　A．By sounding a warning. B．By touching the wristband．

　　C．By checking the driving time. D．By pressing the steering wheel.

　　3．We can learn from the text that the driver needs to stop for a break when his response time

　　is _____.

　　A．about 400 milliseconds B．below 500 milliseconds

　　C．over 500 milliseconds D．about 4 minutes

　　4．When the driver gets sleepy while driving Driver Alert _____.

　　A．moves more regularly

B．stops working properly

　　C．opens the window for the driver

D．sounds more frequently and loudly

　　（参考答案：ADCD）

第三节 应用文的阅读理解方法

应用文不同于一般普通的文章，应用文措辞简洁明了、直截了当。应用文是一种使用范围比较广泛的文体，象广告、书信、列车或飞机的时刻表、产品说明书、宣传海报、简明新闻等都属于应用文，他们的目的都是为了向读者传输信息。在阅读这类文章时主要是注意细节信息，做题时，根据所提问题用寻读、跳读的方法更有效。

　　了解了应用文的措辞和内容特点，我们在实践中总结出读应用文的关键是：抓信息。例如下列真题：

　　OUR KIDS ARE AMAZING－especially compared with everybody elses (who seem to cry all the time). How do you show your love for your kids this holiday season? With toys that are smooth and colorful interactive and exciting. And with ones that have educational value－because you are the boss.

　　1．FLAX ART HOSPITAL PUZZLE AND PLAY SET

　　Here is a toy that doesnt need power－and the bike have to put it together themselves. This 50-piece puzzle set is made of soft-edged hardwood and makes a complete hospital with an X-ray room. It also includes eight patients a car and a driver. $135; flaxart.com.

　　2．TINY LOVE ACTIVITY BALL

　　Sure its cool but this colorful baby toy also develops problem solving and motor skills. It has a head and legs a magnetic(磁性的) hand and a tail. Suitable for little ones from 6 to 36 months. $19．95; tinylove.com.

　　3．ROBOSAPIEN

　　This small remote-control robot is really powerful. It performs 67 preprogrammed functions(功能) including throwing kicking picking up and dancing. You can even program your own function-which sadly does not include doing windows. $99; robosapienonline.com.

　　4．MINI PEDAL CAR

　　Want a Mini Cooper but cant fit the family inside? Get one for the kids. They can jump into this Mini car which comes in hot orange with a single adjustable(可调的) seat and ride away. But it could spoil them for that used car theyll be driving when they turn 16．For ages 3 to 5．$189; miniusA．com (click on gear up then Mini motoring gear).

　　解析：快速scanning，我们知道这是一篇关于儿童玩具的广告。抓信息是关键，要抓住对我们答题有用的信息。我们先看问题，看题目对什么信息提问，这样就能做到有的放矢，先看第1题。

　　1．Which toy is said to have the special design for childrens safety?

　　A．ROBOSAPIEN

　　B．MINI PEDAL CAR

　　C．FLAX ART HOSPITAL PUZZLE AND PLAY SET

　　D．TINY LOVE ACTIVITY BALL

　　该题问哪一个玩具为孩子的安全做了特别的设计？回到原文，我们很快发现在1．FLAX ART HOSPITAL PUZZLE AND PLAY SET中有This 50-piece puzzle set is made of soft-edged hardwood and makes a complete hospital with an X-ray room.一句描述，注意句中的soft-edged，我们可得出答案：C。

　　2．Which toy are fit for three-year-old kids?

　　A．1 and 3． B．2 and 4． C．I and 2． D．3 and 4．

　　采用寻读的方法，很快找到答案：B。

　　3．Educational value is mentioned in all the toys EXCETP _________.

　　A．FLAX ART HOSPITAL PUZZLE AND PLAY SET

　　B．TINY LVE ACTIVITY BALL

　　C．ROBOSAPIEN

　　D．MINI PEDAL CAR

　　快速扫描四种玩具的特点，我们很快就能找到相关信息，得出答案：B。

　 4．This passage is written for __________.

　　A．parents B．children C．the writer D．the boss

　　家长才会给孩子买玩具，不言而喻，答案：A。

【作者简介】慕容紅俠：研究世界政治与国际战略and中小学教育教学。为学生解题，为家长解忧。诚挚欢迎咨询战略企划和文化培训等。